ما الذي يفعله معدل الاختيارية (؟) و readonly؟

interface User {
  name: string;
  email?: string; // optional — may be absent
}

const a: User = { name: "Ann" };               // ✅ email omitted
const b: User = { name: "Bo", email: "b@x" };  // ✅ included

function f(u: User) {
  u.email.length;   // ❌ Error: email is possibly 'undefined'
  u.email?.length;  // ✅ optional chaining handles the maybe-undefined
}

interface Point { readonly x: number; readonly y: number; }
const p: Point = { x: 1, y: 2 };
p.x = 5; // ❌ Error: cannot assign to readonly property

// arrays too
const nums: readonly number[] = [1, 2, 3];
nums.push(4); // ❌ push doesn't exist on readonly array

interface Config { readonly id: string; tags?: readonly string[]; }
type Frozen = Readonly<User>; // utility type makes ALL props readonly