Overfitting (das Modell memoriert Trainingsdaten und schlägt bei neuen Daten fehl) und Underfitting (das Modell ist zu einfach, um die Muster zu erfassen) sind zwei grundlegende Probleme im ML. Sie auszubalancieren — eine gute Generalisierung zu erreichen — ist zentral für den Aufbau effektiver Modelle.
Overfitting vs. Underfitting
OVERFITTING → the model learns the training data TOO well (including noise) →
→ performs great on training data but POORLY on new/unseen data (doesn't generalize)
→ too complex; memorizes rather than learns general patterns
→ like memorizing answers vs understanding the concept
UNDERFITTING → the model is TOO SIMPLE to capture the underlying patterns →
→ performs poorly on BOTH training and new data
→ not enough complexity/capacity to learn the patterns
→ the goal is GENERALIZATION: learn real patterns → perform well on NEW data
