Context switch je kernelovo spremanje CPU stanja trenutno pokrenutog threada (registri, program counter, stack pointer) i vraćanje stanja drugog threada, kako bi jedna jezgra mogla multipleksirati mnogo threadova. Događa se pri svakom scheduler preemptu, blokirajućem syscallu ili prekidu — i nije besplatan.
Gdje se trošak krije
DIRECT cost (visible, ~1–5 µs):
save/restore registers · run scheduler logic · switch kernel stacks
if PROCESS switch: also swap page tables (CR3) → FLUSHES the TLB
INDIRECT cost (often much larger):
cold CPU CACHES → the new thread's data isn't in L1/L2/L3 → cache misses to RAM
cold TLB → address translations must be re-walked
lost pipeline / branch-predictor state
