Edge case adalah input dan kondisi yang tidak biasa atau berada di perbatasan, tempat bug sering bersembunyi — input kosong, perbatasan, null, nilai besar, error. Pengujian yang efektif melampaui "happy path" untuk mencakup ini, karena edge case adalah sumber umum dari defek nyata.
Mengapa ini penting
The HAPPY PATH (normal, expected inputs) usually works. BUGS hide in EDGE CASES:
→ unusual inputs, boundaries, error conditions, unexpected states
→ testing only the happy path misses where defects actually occur
→ Thorough testing covers edge cases — that's where it adds the most value.
Kategori umum edge case
EMPTY / NULL → empty string/list/collection, null/undefined, missing values
BOUNDARIES → min/max values, 0, -1, off-by-one (first/last element, limits)
LARGE / extreme → very large inputs, long strings, huge numbers, overflow
INVALID → wrong types, malformed data, out-of-range, special characters
ERROR conditions → network failures, exceptions, timeouts, unavailable dependencies
STATE → empty/initial state, concurrent access, unexpected sequences of actions
SPECIAL values → negative numbers, zero, duplicates, unicode/emoji, very small/large
