例外処理はどのように機能しますか？

try
{
    var data = RiskyOperation();
}
catch (FileNotFoundException ex)      // catch SPECIFIC types (most specific first)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"File missing: {ex.Message}");
}
catch (IOException ex)
{
    Log(ex);
    throw;                             // re-throw, PRESERVING the stack trace (not `throw ex`)
}
catch (Exception ex)                   // catch-all (last) — base of all exceptions
{
    Log(ex);
}
finally
{
    Cleanup();                          // ALWAYS runs (success, exception, or return)
}

if (amount < 0)
    throw new ArgumentException("Amount must be positive", nameof(amount));

// a custom exception for your domain
public class InsufficientFundsException : Exception
{
    public InsufficientFundsException(string message) : base(message) { }
}
throw new InsufficientFundsException("Balance too low");

// `using` guarantees Dispose() is called (close files/connections) even on exception
using (var file = new StreamReader("data.txt"))
{
    var content = file.ReadToEnd();
}   // file.Dispose() called automatically here

using var conn = new SqlConnection(...);   // C# 8 simplified form

catch (Exception ex) when (ex.Message.Contains("timeout"))   // exception filter (when)
{ ... }

✓ Catch SPECIFIC exceptions, not just Exception
✓ Use `using` for IDisposable resources (reliable cleanup)
✓ Don't swallow exceptions silently (empty catch) — log or re-throw
✓ Use `throw;` (not `throw ex;`) to preserve the stack trace
✓ Create meaningful custom exceptions; don't use exceptions for normal control flow