MySQLのINNER、LEFT、RIGHT JOINを例を挙げて説明してください。

-- customers(id, name)   orders(id, customer_id, total)

-- INNER: only customers who have at least one order
SELECT c.name, o.total
FROM customers c
INNER JOIN orders o ON o.customer_id = c.id;

-- LEFT: every customer, even those with zero orders (total = NULL)
SELECT c.name, o.total
FROM customers c
LEFT JOIN orders o ON o.customer_id = c.id;

-- Classic use: find customers with NO orders
SELECT c.name
FROM customers c
LEFT JOIN orders o ON o.customer_id = c.id
WHERE o.id IS NULL;   -- the LEFT JOIN's NULL side reveals the gap