Pengekodan selamat bermaksud menulis kod yang tahan terhadap serangan dan melindungi data — mengikut amalan yang mencegah kerentanan biasa. Memahami asasnya membantu pembangun membina keselamatan dari mula dan bukan menampalnya kemudian.
Amalan pengekodan selamat teras
✓ VALIDATE all input (never trust user/external input); allowlist where possible
✓ Use PARAMETERIZED queries (prevent SQL injection); ESCAPE output (prevent XSS)
✓ AUTHENTICATE and AUTHORIZE properly (verify identity; check permissions server-side)
✓ HANDLE SENSITIVE DATA carefully — hash passwords, encrypt sensitive data, use HTTPS
✓ Don't HARDCODE SECRETS (keys, passwords) in code → use env vars / secrets managers
✓ Use SECURE DEFAULTS; fail securely (errors shouldn't expose data or grant access)
