Inheritance huruhusu class kutoka kwa base class, ikitumia tena na kupanua members zake. Polymorphism hukuruhusu kushughulikia derived objects kupitia base type, huku method sahihi iliyo-override ikiitwa wakati wa runtime (kupitia virtual/override). Hizi ni mekanizimu za msingi za OOP katika C#.
{
Name { ; ; }
=> ;
}
:
{
=> ;
=> Console.WriteLine();
}
dog = Dog { Name = };
dog.Name;
dog.MakeSound();
Derived class (Dog : Animal) hurithi members za base na inaweza kuongeza zake. C# inaunga mkono single inheritance (base class moja). base.Method() huita base implementation.
// treat different derived types through the base type; the ACTUAL type's method runs
List<Animal> animals = new() { new Dog(), new Cat() };
foreach (Animal a in animals)
Console.WriteLine(a.MakeSound()); // "Woof", "Meow" — runtime dispatch
Polymorphism: method ya virtual iliyo-override katika derived classes hutumwa (dispatched) wakati wa runtime kulingana na aina halisi ya object — hivyo call ile ile (a.MakeSound()) hufanya mambo tofauti kwa kila aina. Hii huwezesha msimbo unaonyumbulika na unaopanukika (kushughulikia aina nyingi kwa usawa).
public abstract class Shape
{
public abstract double Area(); // abstract — derived MUST implement, no body
public string Describe() => $"Area: {Area()}"; // concrete shared method
}
public class Circle : Shape
{
public double Radius { get; set; }
public override double Area() => Math.PI * Radius * Radius;
}
// var s = new Shape(); // ❌ can't instantiate an abstract class
public sealed class Final { } // sealed — cannot be inherited from
Abstract classes hufafanua base ya sehemu (yenye abstract methods ambazo subclasses lazima ziimplement pamoja na msimbo wa pamoja); sealed huzuia inheritance zaidi.
Inheritance na polymorphism ni mekanizimu za msingi za OOP katika C#, za msingi kwa muundo wa object-oriented na kwa kufanya kazi na .NET framework (ambayo huzitumia sana), hivyo kuzielewa ni lazima. Inheritance hutoa utumiaji-tena wa msimbo kupitia uhusiano wa "is-a" (Dog ni Animal), ingawa C# inaruhusu single inheritance pekee. Polymorphism — kupitia virtual/override na runtime method dispatch — ni muhimu hasa: hukuruhusu kushughulikia derived types tofauti kwa usawa kupitia base type huku tabia sahihi mahususi-kwa-aina ikifanya kazi kiotomatiki, ikiwezesha miundo inayonyumbulika na inayopanukika (kuchakata mkusanyiko wa shapes tofauti, kila moja ikikokotoa area yake).
Kuelewa mekanizimu ya virtual/override (base huweka method inayoweza ku-override, derived classes huiover-ride, na runtime hutuma kwa toleo la aina halisi), abstract classes (base za sehemu zenye methods ambazo subclasses lazima ziimplement pamoja na msimbo wa pamoja), na sealed (kuzuia inheritance) ni lazima kwa kubuni class hierarchies na kwa kuelewa jinsi .NET framework na maktaba zilivyo na muundo.
Kwa kuwa inheritance na polymorphism ndizo msingi wa object-oriented C# na framework yenyewe, na kwa kuwa runtime polymorphism ni kiwezeshaji kikuu cha msimbo unaopanukika na unaodumishika, kumiliki haya — hasa virtual/override dispatch inayofanya polymorphism kufanya kazi — ni maarifa muhimu, yanayotumika mara kwa mara kwa muundo wa object-oriented katika C#, na mada ya kawaida ya interview inayofichua uelewa wa misingi ya OOP.