Unafanyaje kazi na requests na responses?

Question

Accepted Answer

Laravel hufunika HTTP katika vitu rahisi vya **Request** na **Response**. Kitu cha `Request` hutoa ufikiaji salama na safi wa data inayoingia (input, files, headers); helpers za response za Laravel hufanya kurudisha views, JSON, redirects, na zaidi kuwa rahisi.

## Kufikia data ya request

```php
public function store(Request $request) {
    $request->input('name');             // a specific input field
    $request->name;                       // shorthand access
    $request->only(['name', 'email']);    // a subset
    $request->all();                      // all input
    $request->query('sort');              // a query string param (?sort=)
    $request->has('email');               // check presence
    $request->input('page', 1);           // with a default

$request->file('avatar');             // an uploaded file
    $request->header('Authorization');
    $request->user();                     // the authenticated user
    $request->ip(); $request->method();   // request metadata
}
```

Kitu cha `Request` (kinachoingizwa kiotomatiki katika methods za controller) hukupa ufikiaji safi na salama wa data yote inayoingia — bora zaidi kuliko superglobals ghafi za `$_GET`/`$_POST`, na methods za usaidizi kwa mahitaji ya kawaida.

## Kurudisha responses

```php
return view('users.index', ['users' => $users]);   // render a Blade view
return response()->json($data, 200);                // JSON (auto for arrays/models too)
return $user;                                       // a model → auto-serialized to JSON
return redirect('/home');                            // redirect
return redirect()->route('profile')->with('msg', 'Saved!');   // redirect + flash message
return back();                                       // redirect to the previous page
return response()->download($path);                  // file download
```

Helpers za response za Laravel hushughulikia hali za kawaida kwa nadhifu: kurender views, kurudisha JSON (arrays na Eloquent models hu-serialize kiotomatiki kuwa JSON), redirects (na flash messages), na downloads. Kurudisha model au array kutoka kwa controller huzalisha kiotomatiki response ya JSON.

## Kubinafsisha responses

```php
return response()->json(['error' => 'Not found'], 404)
    ->header('X-Custom', 'value');                   // custom status + headers
return response('Hello', 200)->header('Content-Type', 'text/plain');
```

## Kwa nini ni muhimu

Kufanya kazi na requests na responses ni msingi kwa kila programu ya Laravel — kushughulikia data inayoingia na kurudisha matokeo ni kiini cha uchakataji wa maombi, hivyo kuelewa vitu hivi ni maarifa muhimu ya kila siku.

**Kitu cha Request** hutoa ufikiaji safi, salama, na rahisi wa data yote inayoingia (input, query params, files, headers, mtumiaji aliyethibitishwa) kupitia methods za usaidizi — uboreshaji mkubwa juu ya superglobals ghafi za PHP (`$_GET`/`$_POST`), katika ergonomics na katika kuhimiza ushughulikiaji salama.

**Helpers za response** za Laravel hufanya kurudisha aina zote za kawaida za response kuwa nadhifu: kurender Blade views, kurudisha JSON (na arrays na Eloquent models zikiwa zime-serialize kiotomatiki — rahisi kwa APIs), redirects (na flash messages kwa maoni ya mtumiaji), file downloads, na responses maalum zenye status codes na headers maalum.

Kuelewa jinsi ya kufikia data ya request kupitia methods za kitu cha Request na jinsi ya kurudisha aina sahihi ya response (views kwa kurasa za wavuti, JSON kwa APIs, redirects baada ya vitendo) ni maarifa ya msingi na ya lazima kujua kwa kujenga endpoint yoyote ya Laravel, kwa kuwa kila method ya controller hupokea request na hurudisha response.

Urahisi na usalama wa abstractions za request/response za Laravel ni sehemu ya kile kinachofanya framework kuwa na tija, na ufasaha nazo ni msingi kwa ukuzaji bora wa Laravel.