npm scripts na lifecycle hooks ni nini?

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**npm scripts** ni amri zilizofafanuliwa katika sehemu ya `scripts` ya `package.json` ambayo unakaza kwa `npm run `. Zina mizani ya kazi za mradi (start, build, test, lint) ili timu nzima na CI zitumie amri sawa. **Lifecycle hooks** ni scripts maalum ambayo npm inakaza kiotomatiki katika sehemu fulani. ## Kufafanua na kueneza scripts ```json { "scripts": { "start": "node server.js", "dev": "nodemon server.js", "build": "tsc && vite build", "test": "vitest", "lint": "eslint src", "format": "prettier --write ." } } ``` ```bash npm run dev # any script npm start # `start` and `test` have shortcuts (no "run" needed) npm test ``` Scripts zinaweza kuunganisha amri kwa `&&` (eneza kwa mlolongo, simama kwa kosa) na kuwa na upatikanaji wa binaries zilizosakamatwa ndani (katika `node_modules/.bin`) bila njia — kwa hiyo `"test": "vitest"` inafanya kazi hata kama vitest sio ya ulimwengu. ## Pre na post hooks (otomatiki) ```json { "scripts": { "prebuild": "rimraf dist", // runs AUTOMATICALLY before "build" "build": "tsc", "postbuild": "echo done" // runs AUTOMATICALLY after "build" } } ``` npm kiotomatiki inakaza `pre` kabla na `post` baada ya script yoyote ``. Kwa hiyo `npm run build` inakaza `prebuild` → `build` → `postbuild` kwa mlolongo — inafaa kwa hatua za setup/cleanup. ## Built-in lifecycle hooks ```json { "scripts": { "postinstall": "node setup.js", // runs after `npm install` completes "prepare": "husky install" // runs after install (commonly sets up git hooks) } } ``` Hooks kama `postinstall` na `prepare` zinakaza wakati fulani wa lifecycle ya kusakamata — mara nyingi hutumika kuweka git hooks (husky) au kuorodhesha tegemezi tupu. (Kuwa akiba: `postinstall` scripts katika tegemezi pia ni mitazamo ya usalama wa minyororo ya usambazaji.) ## Kupitisha hoja na env vars ```bash npm run test -- --watch # pass args to the script after -- NODE_ENV=production npm start # set an env var for the run ``` ## Kwa nini npm scripts juu ya Makefile/tools ya ulimwengu ```text ✓ Self-documenting — `package.json` shows all available tasks ✓ Cross-platform-ish, no global installs needed (uses local node_modules/.bin) ✓ Standard across the JS ecosystem — every dev knows `npm run` ``` ## Kwa nini inataka npm scripts ni runner wa kawaida wa kazi kwa miradi ya Node/JS — wanakusanya na kuweka hati ya jinsi ya kuanza, kujenga, kujaribu, na kulint app, na kuhakikisha kuwa kila mtu (na CI) inakaza amri zinazofanana. Kuelewa muundo wa script, automatic `pre`/`post` hooks (kwa setup/cleanup), na lifecycle hooks kama `postinstall`/`prepare` inakuwezesha kutatua workflow za mradi kwa ufasaha. Hao ndiyo gluu ya zana za mradi na kuonekana kwa kimsingi katika kila hifadhi ya Node.