Context switch ni kernel kuhifadhi hali ya CPU ya thread inayokimbia sasa (registers, program counter, stack pointer) na kurejesha ya thread nyingine, ili core moja iweze ku-multiplex thread nyingi. Hutokea katika kila preemption ya scheduler, blocking syscall, au interrupt — na si ya bure.
Gharama inajificha wapi
DIRECT cost (visible, ~1–5 µs):
save/restore registers · run scheduler logic · switch kernel stacks
if PROCESS switch: also swap page tables (CR3) → FLUSHES the TLB
INDIRECT cost (often much larger):
cold CPU CACHES → the new thread's data isn't in L1/L2/L3 → cache misses to RAM
cold TLB → address translations must be re-walked
lost pipeline / branch-predictor state
