Magic methods ni methods maalum (zenye kiambishi awali cha __) ambazo PHP huita kiotomatiki kujibu vitendo fulani kwenye object — kama kufikia property isiyofafanuliwa, kuita method isiyofafanuliwa, au kubadilisha object kuwa string. Hukuwezesha kuingilia na kubinafsisha tabia ya object.
{
{ }
{ }
}
class Container {
private array $data = [];
public function __get($name) { // called on reading an INACCESSIBLE/undefined property
return $this->data[$name] ?? null;
}
public function __set($name, $value) { // called on writing one
$this->data[$name] = $value;
}
public function __isset($name): bool { return isset($this->data[$name]); }
}
$c = new Container();
$c->foo = "bar"; // triggers __set('foo', 'bar')
echo $c->foo; // triggers __get('foo') → "bar"
__get/__set huingilia ufikiaji wa properties zisizopo au zisizofikika — zikiwezesha dynamic properties (zinazotumiwa na ORMs, config objects).
class Api {
public function __call($method, $args) { // called for UNDEFINED method calls
return $this->request($method, $args); // e.g. dynamic API methods
}
public static function __callStatic($method, $args) { /* static version */ }
}
$api->getUsers(); // no getUsers() method → __call('getUsers', [])
__call/__callStatic huingilia calls kwa methods zisizofafanuliwa — zinazotumiwa kwa fluent/dynamic APIs (mfano query builder ya Laravel, facades).
class Money {
public function __construct(private float $amount) {}
public function __toString(): string { // when the object is used as a string
return '$' . number_format($this->amount, 2);
}
}
echo new Money(9.5); // "$9.50" — __toString called automatically
class Multiplier {
public function __invoke($x) { return $x * 2; } // makes the object CALLABLE
}
$double = new Multiplier();
$double(5); // 10 — __invoke called
Magic methods ni kipengele muhimu cha PHP kwa kubinafsisha tabia ya object, na kuzielewa ni muhimu kwa kuzitumia ipasavyo na — hasa — kwa kuelewa jinsi PHP frameworks zinavyofikia "magic" yao. Methods kama __get/__set (dynamic property access), __call/__callStatic (dynamic method handling), __toString (string conversion), na __invoke (callable objects) huwezesha objects kujibu kwa akili kwa operations ambazo haziwafafanui wazi.
Huu ndio mfumo nyuma ya urahisi mwingi wa framework: Eloquent ORM ya Laravel hutumia __get/__set kwa model attributes, query builder na facades zake hutumia __call/__callStatic kwa fluent dynamic methods, na config/collection objects hutumia hizi kote.
Kutambua magic methods hufunua jinsi frameworks hizi zinavyofanya kazi na hukuwezesha kujenga APIs zinazonyumbulika vivyo hivyo.
Kujua magic methods muhimu, kinachosababisha kila moja, na matumizi yao ya kawaida ya framework ni ujuzi wa kivitendo kwa kuandika PHP ya kueleweka na kutumia/kupanua frameworks zilizojengwa juu yao kwa ufanisi. (Tahadhari: magic methods zinaweza kuumiza uwazi na msaada wa IDE — kuzitumia kupita kiasi hufanya code kuwa ngumu kueleweka, kwa hivyo ni bora kuzitumia kwa makusudi kwa dynamic behavior halisi, si kama chaguo-msingi.)
Maktaba ya maswali ya mahojiano ya IT yenye majibu ya kina — kutoka Junior hadi Senior.
Changia