Ni nini aina za data zinazojengwa ndani ya Python?

Question

Accepted Answer

Python ina seti kubwa ya aina zilizojengwa ndani zinazofunika namba, maandishi, mikusanyiko, na zaidi. Kujua zao — na ni gani zinazo**badilika** dhidi ya **zisizobadilika** — ni kitu cha kimsingi.

## Aina za namba

```python
x = 42          # int  — arbitrary precision (no overflow!)
y = 3.14        # float
z = 2 + 3j      # complex
b = True        # bool (a subclass of int: True == 1)
```

Kumbuka: Python `int` ina **usahihi wa kiholela** — haijawai kuzidi (tofauti na ints zenye saizi ya kudumu katika C/Java); `2 ** 1000` inafanya kazi tu.

## Maandishi na bytes

```python
s = "hello"     # str  — Unicode text (immutable)
data = b"bytes" # bytes — raw binary (immutable)
```

## Aina za mikusanyiko

```python
lst = [1, 2, 3]            # list  — ordered, MUTABLE, allows duplicates
tup = (1, 2, 3)            # tuple — ordered, IMMUTABLE
d = {"a": 1, "b": 2}       # dict  — key→value, mutable, insertion-ordered
s = {1, 2, 3}              # set   — unordered, unique elements, mutable
fs = frozenset({1, 2})     # frozenset — immutable set
```

## Aina maalum ya None

```python
result = None   # NoneType — represents "no value" (like null)
if result is None:   # always compare to None with `is`, not ==
    ...
```

## Kuangalia aina

```python
type(x)             # <class 'int'>
isinstance(x, int)  # True — the preferred check (handles subclasses)
```

## Muhtasari wa zinazobadilika dhidi ya zisizobadilika

```text
Immutable: int, float, bool, str, tuple, frozenset, bytes, None
Mutable:   list, dict, set, bytearray
```

Tofauti hii ni muhimu sana — vitu visivyobadilika vinaweza kuwa funguo za dict na ni salama kugawana; zinazobadilika zinaweza kubadilika bila kusubiri ikiwa zimepewa jina jingine.

## Kwa nini linahitaji

Aina zilizojengwa ndani ni msamiati wa msimbo wote wa Python.

Kujua madhumuni ya kila aina (list kwa mlolongo ulioamriwa, dict kwa ufunguo-thamani, set kwa nchi yenye kawaida, tuple kwa kumbukumbu zenye kudumu), namba kamili za usahihi wa kiholela, na haswa mgawanyiko **zinazobadilika-dhidi ya-zisizobadilika** (ambao huongoza funguo za dict, hitilafu za aliasing, na nini kinachoweza kugawana salama) ni kitu cha kimsingi.

Kuchagua aina sahihi kwa kazi — na kuelewa mutability yake — ni ujinga wa kimsingi wa Python unaoathiri usahihi na utendaji kote katika programu.