Muundo wa Arrange-Act-Assert ni nini?

Question

Accepted Answer

**Arrange-Act-Assert (AAA)** ni muundo wa kuandaa majaribio kwa wazi katika awamu tatu: **Arrange** (andaa), **Act** (tekeleza kitendo), **Assert** (thibitisha matokeo). Inafanya majaribio kuwa na usomekaji nzuri, iliyoandaliwa vizuri, na rahisi kuelewa.

## Awamu tatu

```text
ARRANGE → set up the test: create objects, prepare inputs, configure mocks, set state
ACT     → perform the ACTION being tested (call the function/method under test)
ASSERT  → verify the OUTCOME: check the result/behavior matches what's expected
→ A clear three-part structure for every test.
```

## Mfano

```js
test('Cart calculates total with discount', () => {
  // ARRANGE — set up
  const cart = new Cart();
  cart.add({ price: 100 });
  cart.applyDiscount(0.1);          // 10% off

// ACT — perform the action under test
  const total = cart.getTotal();

// ASSERT — verify the result
  expect(total).toBe(90);
});
```

Awamu tatu zinaonekana vizuri (mara nyingi zimetenganishwa na mistari tupu au maoni), jambo ambalo linafanya kusudi la jaribio kuwa dhahiri: kile kinachoandiwa, kile kinachofanywa, kile kinachothibitishwa.

## Kwa nini AAA inasaidia

```text
✓ READABILITY — clear structure; easy to see setup vs action vs verification
✓ FOCUS — encourages testing ONE action per test (one clear Act)
✓ MAINTAINABILITY — consistent structure across tests; easy to understand/modify
✓ Spot problems — too much in Arrange (complex setup) or multiple Acts (testing too much)
→ (Given-When-Then is the same idea, in BDD terms: Given setup, When action, Then outcome.)
```

## Kwa nini kinamaanisha

Kuelewa muundo wa Arrange-Act-Assert ni muhimu kwa sababu unatoa **muundo rahisi na epesi wa kuandaa majaribio safi na yanayolezeka**, kwa hiyo ni ujuzi wa vitendo muhimu.

Muundo — kuandaa kila jaribio katika **Arrange** (andaa muktadha wa jaribio, ingizo, na hali), **Act** (tekeleza kitendo kimoja kilichochumbiwa), na **Assert** (thibitisha matokeo yanafanana na matarajio) — inafanya majaribio kuwa na usomekaji nzuri na kuandaliwa vizuri, na kusudi kuwa dhahiri kabisa (kile kinachoandiwa, kile kinachofanywa, kile kinachothibitishwa).

Kuelewa **kwa nini AAA inasaidia** ni thamani kuu: inapaboresaupunda **usomekaji** (muundo wa wazi wa sehemu tatu unafanya majaribio kuwa rahisi kusoma), kujenga **mtazamo** (kitendo kimoja kwa kila jaribio, kwani kuna awamu moja ya Act iliyowazi — kueneza majaribio yenye mtazamo maalum yanayothibitisha tabia moja), kupaboresaupunda **kunatlizwa** (muundo thabiti kote katika mkutano wa majaribio), na kusaidia **kupata matatizo** (setup nyingi sana katika Arrange inaonyesha tegemezi changamano, Acts nyingi inaonyesha jaribio linafanya kitu kingi).

Kufuata AAA hutoa majaribio ambayo ni rahisi kuandaa, kuelewa, na kunatlizwa — muhimu kwa sababu majaribio yanasomwa na hubadilishwa baada ya wakati, na majaribio yasiyo na wazi ni mzigo halisi wa kunatlizwa.

Kujua kwamba **Given-When-Then** (kauli ya BDD: Given kuandaa, When kitendo, Then matokeo) ni wazo sawa hulungi AAA kwa njia za kufanya kazi zinazoendelea na mtu.

Kwa sababu kuandaa majaribio safi, yenye muundo mzuri, na yanayolezeka ni muhimu (majaribio ni msimbo ambao lazima uelezwe na kunatlizwe) na AAA inatoa muundo rahisi na epesi kwa hili, na kwa sababu kuelewa muundo na faida zake kunasaidia kuandaa majaribio mazuri, kuelewa muundo wa Arrange-Act-Assert ni ujuzi muhimu na unaohusiana na vitendo — mazoea rahisi lakini epesi ya kuandaa majaribio safi, yanayozamishwa sana na inayofaa kutumika kwa ubora nzuri wa jaribio, tabia muhimu kwa kila mtu anayeandaa majaribio.