*args และ **kwargs คืออะไร?

def total(*args):           # collects all positional args into a tuple
    print(args)             # e.g. (1, 2, 3)
    return sum(args)

total(1, 2, 3)              # 6
total(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)        # 15 — any number of args

def configure(**kwargs):    # collects keyword args into a dict
    print(kwargs)           # e.g. {"host": "localhost", "port": 8080}
    for key, value in kwargs.items():
        print(f"{key} = {value}")

configure(host="localhost", port=8080, debug=True)

def func(a, b, *args, **kwargs):
    # a, b → required positional
    # args → extra positional (tuple)
    # kwargs → extra keyword (dict)
    ...

func(1, 2, 3, 4, x=5, y=6)
# a=1, b=2, args=(3, 4), kwargs={"x": 5, "y": 6}

# `*` and `**` also UNPACK collections INTO arguments at the call site
numbers = [1, 2, 3]
total(*numbers)              # same as total(1, 2, 3)

settings = {"host": "x", "port": 80}
configure(**settings)         # same as configure(host="x", port=80)

def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
    # accept ANY arguments and pass them through unchanged
    return original_func(*args, **kwargs)