Nawa ya aiki na gargajiya na prototypal?

Question

Accepted Answer

Kowane nisafin JavaScript yana da linki na gizagizawa zuwa wani nisafi wanda ake kira **prototype** nsa. Lokacin da ka shiga wani kadarori, JS yana kallon nisafi kanta, sannan yana tafiya a jajere **prototype chain** har sai ya sami kadarori ko ya kai `null`. Wannan shine *ɗelegance*, ba kwatantawa ba.

```js
const animal = {
  speak() { return `${this.name} makes a sound`; },
};

const dog = Object.create(animal); // dog's prototype IS animal
dog.name = "Rex";
dog.speak();                       // "Rex makes a sound" — found on the prototype

Object.getPrototypeOf(dog) === animal; // true
dog.hasOwnProperty("speak");           // false — it's inherited, not own
dog.hasOwnProperty("name");            // true
```

## Yadda azuzuwan suke amfani da shi

`class` shine subar syntaks akan prototip. Hanyoyin aiki suna zauna **kere** akan prototype, alaƙa da dukkan abubuwan (ba kwatantawa ta kila nisafi):

```js
class Dog {
  constructor(name) { this.name = name; }
  speak() { return `${this.name} barks`; } // on Dog.prototype
}
const d = new Dog("Rex");
Object.getPrototypeOf(d) === Dog.prototype; // true
```

Don haka `d.speak` ba a adana shi akan `d` ba — ana samunsa ta cikin tafiya sama zuwa `Dog.prototype`. Shi ke nan galibi kwa me dukkan karnuka suke raba aiki ɗaya `speak` (hazin ƙarfi).

## Me ya sa yana da mahimmanci

Jikakancewa da chain yana bayyana: me ya sa abubuwan suke raba hanyoyi, me ya sa canja da prototype ya yi tasiri akan duk wata abubuwan da aka haɗi, yadda `instanceof` ke aiki (yana binciken chain), da farar tseren gefen dogaro mai tsayi.

Kadai shi ne ginshiki a ƙarƙashin `class`, abubuwan shida (`Array.prototype.map`), da gargajiya.