object-level design patterns से परे, architectural patterns applications की high-level संरचना परिभाषित करते हैं — जैसे layered, hexagonal (ports and adapters), clean architecture, और event-driven। वे maintainability, testability, और flexibility के लिए पूरे systems को व्यवस्थित करते हैं।
Layered (n-tier) architecture
LAYERED → organize the app into horizontal LAYERS, each with a responsibility:
PRESENTATION (UI) → APPLICATION/business logic → DATA ACCESS → DATABASE
→ each layer depends only on the layer below; clear separation
✓ simple, common, organized ✗ can become rigid; layers can leak; less flexible
