トレイトとは何で、いつ使用しますか？

PHP has single inheritance — a class can extend only ONE parent. But you often want
to share the SAME methods across unrelated classes (e.g. logging, timestamps).
Duplicating the code is bad; traits let you reuse it without inheritance.

<?php
trait Timestampable {
    private ?DateTime $createdAt = null;

    public function setCreatedAt(): void {
        $this->createdAt = new DateTime();
    }
    public function getCreatedAt(): ?DateTime {
        return $this->createdAt;
    }
}

trait Loggable {
    public function log(string $msg): void {
        echo "[" . static::class . "] $msg";
    }
}

// a class can USE MULTIPLE traits — their methods become part of the class
class Article {
    use Timestampable, Loggable;     // mix in BOTH traits' methods
}

$a = new Article();
$a->setCreatedAt();    // from Timestampable
$a->log("created");     // from Loggable

Inheritance (extends) → single parent, "is-a", inherits implementation
Interface → a CONTRACT (signatures only, no code), multiple allowed
Trait → reusable IMPLEMENTATION (actual code), multiple allowed, NO contract
→ Interfaces say WHAT a class can do; traits provide HOW (shared code).
  They're often used together: implement an interface, use a trait for the impl.

class X {
    use TraitA, TraitB {
        TraitA::hello insteadof TraitB;   // if both define hello(), pick TraitA's
        TraitB::hello as helloB;           // alias TraitB's version
    }
}