PostgreSQLはどのような制約をサポートしていますか？

CREATE TABLE bookings (
  id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,                                -- unique identifier
  room_id INT NOT NULL REFERENCES rooms(id),            -- foreign key (referential integrity)
  email VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE NOT NULL,                    -- unique + required
  guests INT CHECK (guests > 0 AND guests <= 10),       -- value constraint
  status TEXT DEFAULT 'pending'                          -- default value
);

PRIMARY KEY  → unique row identifier
FOREIGN KEY  → references another table (referential integrity, with ON DELETE options)
UNIQUE       → no duplicate values
NOT NULL     → must have a value
CHECK        → value must satisfy a condition
DEFAULT      → default value when not provided

CHECK (price > 0)
CHECK (end_date > start_date)               -- logical consistency between columns
CHECK (status IN ('active', 'inactive', 'pending'))
CHECK (email ~ '^[^@]+@[^@]+\.[^@]+$')        -- regex validation

-- prevent OVERLAPPING bookings for the same room (impossible with UNIQUE alone!)
CREATE TABLE bookings (
  room_id INT,
  during TSRANGE,                            -- a time range
  EXCLUDE USING GIST (room_id WITH =, during WITH &&)   -- no two rows where room_id is
);                                                       -- equal AND time ranges OVERLAP

-- check constraints at COMMIT instead of immediately (useful for circular references)
FOREIGN KEY (...) REFERENCES ... DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED