lambda と関数型ツール map／filter／reduce とは何ですか？

# a lambda is a one-line function with no name
square = lambda x: x ** 2
square(5)                      # 25

# equivalent named function:
def square(x): return x ** 2

people.sort(key=lambda p: p.age)            # sort by an attribute
sorted(words, key=lambda w: len(w))          # sort by length
max(items, key=lambda x: x.score)            # find max by a criterion

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]
list(map(lambda x: x ** 2, nums))   # [1, 4, 9, 16]
# more Pythonic alternative — a comprehension:
[x ** 2 for x in nums]               # [1, 4, 9, 16]

list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums))   # [2, 4]
# comprehension equivalent:
[x for x in nums if x % 2 == 0]             # [2, 4]

from functools import reduce
reduce(lambda acc, x: acc + x, nums, 0)     # 10 (sum)
# but built-ins are clearer when they exist:
sum(nums)                                    # 10

For map/filter, COMPREHENSIONS are usually more readable and idiomatic:
  map(f, xs)            →  [f(x) for x in xs]
  filter(pred, xs)      →  [x for x in xs if pred(x)]
Lambdas are best for short inline keys (sort/max/filter), NOT complex logic.