Rubyが提供する制御フローはどのようなものですか？

if age >= 18
  puts "adult"
elsif age >= 13
  puts "teen"
else
  puts "child"
end

# MODIFIER form — condition at the END (reads like English, idiomatic for short cases)
puts "adult" if age >= 18
puts "minor" unless age >= 18      # `unless` = if not (more readable than `if !`)

# everything is an expression — if returns a value
grade = if score >= 90 then "A" else "B" end

case status
when :active then "running"
when :stopped, :paused then "halted"     # multiple values
when 1..10 then "small number"            # ranges
when String then "it's a string"          # types (uses ===)
else "unknown"
end

# case can also do structural pattern matching (Ruby 3)
case data
in { name: String => name, age: Integer }   # pattern matching with destructuring
  puts name
end

while count < 10 do count += 1 end
until done do ... end              # until = while not

# ✅ but Ruby PREFERS iteration with blocks over explicit loops:
5.times { |i| puts i }             # instead of a for loop
[1, 2, 3].each { |n| puts n }      # iterate a collection
(1..10).each { |n| ... }           # iterate a range
1.upto(5) { |i| ... }