アクションとリデューサーとは何か、そしてなぜリデューサーは純粋である必要があるのか?

function todosReducer(state = [], action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case "todos/added":
      return [...state, action.payload];              // new array
    case "todos/toggled":
      return state.map(t =>                             // new array, new object for the changed one
        t.id === action.payload ? { ...t, done: !t.done } : t
      );
    default:
      return state;                                     // unknown action → unchanged
  }
}

// ❌ NOT pure — breaks everything
function badReducer(state, action) {
  state.value++;              // ❌ mutates input (breaks change detection, time-travel)
  fetch("/api/log");          // ❌ side effect (non-deterministic, untestable)
  return { value: Math.random() }; // ❌ non-deterministic output
}

✓ Predictability   — same state + action ALWAYS gives the same result
✓ Time-travel / replay — you can re-run actions to reproduce any state
✓ Testability      — just call reducer(state, action) and assert; no mocks needed
✓ Change detection — returning new references lets the UI detect changes