Kepiye carane nyinaukan aplikasi Django?

Question

Accepted Answer

Django kalebu **framework nyinaukan sing dawane** (ngembangake `unittest` Pythone) kanthi tools sing dikhususake kanggo aplikasi web — klien nyinaukan kanggo simulasi request, sistem fixtures/database sing nggawe database nyinaukan sing terpisah, lan helpers kanggo nyinaukan models, views, lan forms.

## Kasus nyinaukan dasare

```python
from django.test import TestCase

class ArticleModelTest(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        # runs before each test; data created here is rolled back after
        self.article = Article.objects.create(title="Test", body="...")

def test_str(self):
        self.assertEqual(str(self.article), "Test")

def test_default_published(self):
        self.assertFalse(self.article.published)
```

`TestCase` bungkus saben nyinaukan ing **transaksi database sing dikembalikan** sawise kuwi, mula nyinaukan terpisah lan ora ndemolisir sawiji-sawiji — lan nggunakake **database nyinaukan sing kapisah** (digawe/dirungkut kanthi otomatis), ora data sejatine.

## Nyinaukan views nganggo klien nyinaukan

```python
class ArticleViewTest(TestCase):
    def test_list_view(self):
        Article.objects.create(title="Hello")
        response = self.client.get("/articles/")        # simulate a GET request
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertContains(response, "Hello")           # the title appears in the HTML

def test_create_requires_login(self):
        response = self.client.post("/articles/create/", {"title": "X"})
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)      # redirected to login

def test_authenticated_create(self):
        self.client.login(username="ann", password="pw")  # log in for the test
        response = self.client.post("/articles/create/", {"title": "New", "body": "..."})
        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 1)
```

**Klien nyinaukan** simulasi request HTTP menyang views (GET/POST, kanthi login, sessions, lsp.) tanpa server sing mlaku — ngidini sampeyan nyinaukan alur request/response lengkap, kode status, lan kontén sing digawe.

## Nyinaukan API DRF

```python
from rest_framework.test import APITestCase

class ArticleAPITest(APITestCase):
    def test_create_article(self):
        response = self.client.post("/api/articles/", {"title": "X", "body": "..."}, format="json")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 201)
        self.assertEqual(response.data["title"], "X")
```

## Tools lan praktek sing bisa mangga

```text
✓ setUpTestData — create shared read-only data ONCE per class (faster than setUp)
✓ Factories (factory_boy) — generate test data cleanly instead of manual creation
✓ pytest-django — many teams prefer pytest's cleaner syntax over unittest
✓ Coverage.py — measure test coverage
✓ Mock external services (APIs, email) so tests are fast and deterministic
✓ Run: python manage.py test  (or pytest)
```

## Apa sing kudu disinau

```text
Models → custom methods, validation, properties
Views  → status codes, correct data, permissions/auth, form handling
Forms/Serializers → validation logic (valid + invalid cases)
Business logic → the core domain rules
```

## Mengapa iku penting

Nyinaukan penting kanggo nggawa aplikasi Django sing reliable lan mudah dikembalekake, lan framework nyinaukan sing dawane Django — dikhususake spesifik kanggo aplikasi web — nggawakake bisa diaksès lan efektif, mula mangerteni iku penting kanggo kalidad kode lan minangka standar profesional.

Framework nyedhiyakake tools spesifik web sing nggawakake nyinaukan aplikasi Django praktis: **klien nyinaukan** simulasi request HTTP menyang views (nangani GET/POST, authentikasi, sessions) mula sampeyan bisa nyinaukan alur request/response lengkap — kode status, kontén sing digawe, pengalihan, ijin — tanpa server sing mlaku, sing penting amarga views kuwi panggonan akeh tingkah laku aplikasi.

**Database nyinaukan otomatis** (digawe seger lan dirungkut sawise, kanthi saben nyinaukan bungkus ing transaksi sing dikembalekake) njamin nyinaukan terpisah lan ora tau tumouch data sejatine, nggawakake aman lan bisa dibaleni.

Mangerteni kepiye nyinaukan lapisan kunci — **models** (cara custom, validasi), **views** (kode status, data, auth/ijin, nangani form nganggo klien nyinaukan), **forms/serializers** (logika validasi kanggo input sing valid lan ora valid), lan **logika bisnis** — ngatup jangkauan praktis nyinaukan aplikasi Django, lan midhaling tools kaya `APITestCase` kanggo API DRF, `setUpTestData`/factories kanggo data nyinaukan sing efisien, lan mocking layanan eksternal kanggo nyinaukan cepet deterministic nggambarake praktek nyinaukan sing dewasa.

Aplikasi Django sing nyata-nyata disinau kejawen regressyon, ngidini refactoring percaya diri, lan ndokumen tingkah laku sing mesthine, dene desain web-aware framework (utamane klien nyinaukan lan database nyinaukan) nggawakake nyinaukan lengkap sangat gampang tinimbang nggawe dhewe.

Amarga nyinaukan fundamental kanggo pembangunan software profesional lan Django nyedhiyakake dhukungan dawane sing apik dikhususake kanggo fitur-fitur, midhaling carane nulis nyinaukan efektif ing lapisan model/view/form penting, ngetung-ngetung ngetung pengetahuan sing ngrembaka programer sing nggawa aplikasi sing robust lan mudah dikembalekake saka sing ngirim kode sing rapuh lan ora disinau.