Context switch huwa l-kernel li jissejvja l-istat tas-CPU tat-thread li qed jaħdem bħalissa (registers, program counter, stack pointer) u jirrestawra dak ta' thread ieħor, biex core wieħed ikun jista' jimmultiplexja ħafna threads. Iseħħ ma' kull preemption tal-ischeduler, syscall li jimblokka, jew interrupt — u mhux b'xejn.
Fejn tinħeba l-ispiża
DIRECT cost (visible, ~1–5 µs):
save/restore registers · run scheduler logic · switch kernel stacks
if PROCESS switch: also swap page tables (CR3) → FLUSHES the TLB
INDIRECT cost (often much larger):
cold CPU CACHES → the new thread's data isn't in L1/L2/L3 → cache misses to RAM
cold TLB → address translations must be re-walked
lost pipeline / branch-predictor state
