Каковы основные механизмы IPC, и когда использовать каждый?

Pipe / FIFO      → byte stream, one direction; anonymous pipe = parent↔child, named FIFO = any procs
                   e.g.  ls | grep foo   (the shell wires stdout→stdin via a pipe)
Shared memory    → both map the SAME physical pages → FASTEST (no copy), but you must
                   synchronize access yourself (semaphore/mutex)
Message queue    → kernel-managed queue of discrete messages; decoupled, preserves boundaries
Socket           → bidirectional stream/datagram; UNIX-domain (same host) or TCP/UDP (across network)
Signal           → tiny async notification (a number), e.g. SIGINT, SIGTERM — control, not data transfer