Je ni aina gani za kawaida za shambuzi la usalama?

Question

Accepted Answer

Kuelewa **aina za shambuzi** za kawaida — jinsi wanatoshambulizi wanavyojaribu kulipuka mifumo — ni msingi wa kulinda dhidi yake. Vikundi vikubwa ni pamoja na injection, XSS, CSRF, brute force, social engineering, DDoS, na zaidi.

## Shambuzi la programu za wavuti

```text
INJECTION (SQL, command, etc.) → inject malicious code via input (manipulate queries/commands)
XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) → inject scripts that run in victims' browsers
CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) → trick a logged-in user's browser into making unwanted
  requests (perform actions as them without consent)
BROKEN ACCESS CONTROL → access/modify what you're not authorized to (e.g. IDOR)
SSRF → trick the server into making requests it shouldn't
```

## Shambuzi la kupatikana kwa heshima / ruhusa ya kufikia

```text
BRUTE FORCE → try many passwords/keys until one works (rate-limit, lock out, MFA)
CREDENTIAL STUFFING → use leaked username/password pairs from other breaches
SESSION HIJACKING → steal session tokens/cookies to impersonate a user
PHISHING / SOCIAL ENGINEERING → trick people into revealing credentials/info (the human
  is often the weakest link)
```

## Shambuzi lingine

```text
DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) → flood a system to make it unavailable
MAN-IN-THE-MIDDLE (MITM) → intercept communication (HTTPS prevents this)
MALWARE / ransomware; SUPPLY CHAIN attacks (compromise dependencies/build tools)
ZERO-DAY → exploit unknown/unpatched vulnerabilities
```

## Kwa nini inahitaji

Kuelewa aina za kawaida za shambuzi la usalama ni msingi kwa sababu **huwezi kulinda dhidi ya hatari zisizoeleweka**, kwa hivyo kujua jinsi wanatoshambulizi wanavyofanya kazi ni muhimu kwa kujenga mifumo salama, na hii ni ujuzi muhimu wa usalama.

Uwazi wa aina za shambuzi — jinsi wanatoshambulizi wanavyojaribu kulipuka mifumo — ni msingi wa ulinzi, kwa kuwa kila aina ya shambuzi ina majibu yanayolingana, na kuelewa hatari husumbua na kuongoza hatua za kinga.

Kuelewa **shambuzi la programu za wavuti** — **injection** (kukamatia maombi/amri kupitia ingizo), **XSS** (scripts zinazoendeshwa katika browsers za wanatoshambulizi), **CSRF** (kuweza wanatumia browser iliyosajiliwa kuwa kuomba kitu kisichohitajika), **kukamatia haki ya ruhusa** (kufikia rasilimali zisizoruhusiwa), na **SSRF** — inashughulikia hatari za kiwango cha programu zinazojulikana sana ambayo wajenzi lazima walinde dhidi yake.

Kuelewa **shambuzi la kupatikana kwa heshima/ruhusa ya kufikia** — **brute force** (kujaribu nenosiri nyingi, kulindwa na kuzuia kiwango na MFA), **credential stuffing** (kutumia nenosiri lililosimuliwa), **kukamatia kazi iliyosajiliwa** (kuiba tokens), na **phishing/social engineering** (kuweza watu, kwa sababu binadamu mara nyingi ni kiungo dhaifu zaidi) — inashughulikia jinsi wanatoshambulizi wanavyolenga ruhusa.

Kuelewa **shambuzi lingine** — **DDoS** (kumvua kumfanya iwe haipatikani), **man-in-the-middle** (kukamatia mawasiliano, kupokezwa na HTTPS), malware, **shambuzi la mlangoni wa ugavi** (kukamatia hali — inaongezwa kwa umuhimu), na zero-days — inapanua uwazi wa mandhari ya hatari.

Kujua aina hizi za shambuzi husambaza wajenzi kutambua hatari, kuelewa kwa nini majibu mahususi yapo (maswali yenye vigezo dhidi ya injection, kutokwa dhidi ya XSS, MFA dhidi ya brute force, HTTPS dhidi ya MITM), na kujenga malinzi yanayofaa.

Kwa kuwa kulinda dhidi ya hatari kunahitaji kuelewa na kila aina ya shambuzi itakayojulikana ina majibu yanayolingana, na kwa kuwa uwazi wa shambuzi dikubwa (injection, XSS, CSRF, brute force, phishing, DDoS, ugavi) ni msingi wa kujenga mifumo salama, kuelewa shambuzi la usalama la kawaida ni msingi, ujuzi muhimu wa usalama — uwazi wa hatari unaolingana na ulinzi wote, muhimu kwa kutambua hatari na kuelewa kwa nini hatua za usalama zipo, na kiwango cha msingi kwa mjenzi yeyote kujenga mifumo inayolazimika kupinga shambuzi endelevu na tofauti inayokabili programu.