Ni nini kanuni muhimu za architecture salama?

Question

Accepted Answer

Kujenga **architecture salama** kunamaanisha kutengeneza mifumo na kanuni za usalama iliyojenga — **defense in depth**, **least privilege**, **zero trust**, **secure defaults**, na zaidi. Kanuni hizi zinaongoza kujenga mifumo ambayo ina upinzani wa kukamatia kwa muundo.

## Kanuni za msingi za usalama

```text
DEFENSE IN DEPTH → multiple LAYERS of security (network, app, data, etc.) → no single
  point of failure; if one layer fails, others still protect
LEAST PRIVILEGE → every component/user gets the MINIMUM access needed → limits blast radius
ZERO TRUST → "never trust, always verify" → don't trust based on network location;
  authenticate/authorize every request (vs old "trusted internal network" model)
SECURE DEFAULTS → secure out of the box (closed by default, opt-in to open)
FAIL SECURELY → on failure, default to a SAFE/denied state (not open)
```

## Mbinu za usalama wa architecture

```text
✓ SEGMENTATION → isolate components/networks (limit lateral movement if breached)
✓ MINIMIZE ATTACK SURFACE → expose only what's necessary; fewer entry points
✓ SEPARATION of concerns / trust boundaries → clear boundaries; validate across them
✓ ENCRYPT data in transit and at rest; secure secrets management
✓ Centralize security controls (auth, logging) where sensible; secure the perimeter AND interior
✓ MONITORING/logging → detect and respond to incidents (you can't stop everything)
```

## Kwa nini kanuni zina maana

```text
✓ Security built into the DESIGN (not bolted on) → far more effective and cheaper
✓ Resilient → assume breaches happen; limit damage, detect, recover (defense in depth)
✓ These principles guide consistent, sound security decisions across the system
→ Secure architecture makes the whole system harder to compromise and damage harder to spread.
```

## Kwa nini ina maana

Kuelewa kanuni muhimu za secure architecture ni ujuzi muhimu wa kiwango cha juu kwa sababu **usalama lazima ujengwe katika muundo wa mifumo**, na kanuni hizi zinaongoza kujenga mifumo ambayo ina upinzani wa kukamatia, kwa hiyo ni muhimu kwa kujenga mifumo salama.

Secure architecture inamaanisha kutengeneza mifumo na usalama uliojengwa, na **kanuni za msingi** ndio msingi: **defense in depth** (tabaka nyingi za usalama ili kushindwa kunakofanya hakuna kile moja kinachokosa kuwa katastrof — ikiwa tabaka moja lifanye kazi, nyingine zinawalinda), **least privilege** (ufahamu wa kiwango cha chini kwa sehemu na watumiaji, kupunguza radius ya shida), **zero trust** (