Overfitting (il modello memorizza i dati di training e fallisce su nuovi dati) e underfitting (il modello è troppo semplice per catturare i pattern) sono due problemi fondamentali nel ML. Bilanciarli — raggiungendo una buona generalizzazione — è centrale per costruire modelli efficaci.
Overfitting vs underfitting
OVERFITTING → the model learns the training data TOO well (including noise) →
→ performs great on training data but POORLY on new/unseen data (doesn't generalize)
→ too complex; memorizes rather than learns general patterns
→ like memorizing answers vs understanding the concept
UNDERFITTING → the model is TOO SIMPLE to capture the underlying patterns →
→ performs poorly on BOTH training and new data
→ not enough complexity/capacity to learn the patterns
→ the goal is GENERALIZATION: learn real patterns → perform well on NEW data
