Apa iku Dart lan fitur-fitur utamane kanggo Flutter?

Question

Accepted Answer

**Dart** yaiku basa pemrograman sing digunakake kanggo mbangun aplikasi Flutter — basa modern sing berorientasi obyek saka Google sing dirancang kanggo mbangun UI. Mangerteni fitur-fitur utama Dart (sintaksise, null safety, dukungan async, lan cara compile-na) iku perlu kanggo development Flutter.

## Apa iku Dart

```text
Dart = Google's language for Flutter (and more):
  → OBJECT-ORIENTED, statically typed (with type inference)
  → familiar C-style/Java-like syntax (easy for many developers to pick up)
  → designed for UI development; compiles to native code (mobile) and JavaScript (web)
```

## Fitur-fitur utama Dart

```dart
// variables and types (statically typed with inference)
var name = 'Ann';          // inferred String
int age = 30;              // explicit type
final pi = 3.14;          // final (can't reassign)
const max = 100;          // compile-time constant

// null safety — types are non-nullable by default
String name;              // can't be null
String? nickname;         // nullable (the ? allows null) — prevents null errors

// functions (including arrow syntax)
int add(int a, int b) => a + b;

// classes
class Person {
  final String name;
  Person(this.name);                // concise constructor
}
```

## Pemrograman Async (penting kanggo Flutter)

```dart
// Futures and async/await (for asynchronous operations: network, files)
Future<String> fetchData() async {
  final response = await http.get(url);   // await async operations
  return response.body;
}
// Streams → sequences of async events (e.g. continuous data)
```

## Kompilasi: JIT lan AOT

```text
→ JIT (Just-In-Time) in development → enables HOT RELOAD (fast iteration)
→ AOT (Ahead-Of-Time) for release → compiles to fast NATIVE code (good performance)
→ This dual compilation gives both fast development AND fast production apps.
```

## Kenapa iki penting

Mangerteni Dart lan fitur-fitur utamane iku perlu kanggo development Flutter amarga Dart yaiku basa sing digunakake Flask tulisen — ora bisa mbangun aplikasi Flutter tanpa Flutter, mula iki ilmu dasar sing wajib diweruhi.

Dart yaiku **basa modern, berorientasi obyek, statically-typed** karo sintaks sing mirip C-style (gawe bisa dipahami kanggo developer saka macem-macem latar belakang), dirancang kanggo development UI.

Mangerteni **fitur-fitur utamane** iku perlu kanggo nulis Flutter code: **sistem variabel lan tipe** (static typing karo inference, `final`/`const`), **null safety** (tipe sing non-nullable kanthi default karo `?` kanggo tipe nullable — fitur penting sing nyegah kesalahan null-reference sing gawe repot pirang-pirang basa, nambahi reliability), fungsi lan kelas (karo sintaks Dart sing singkat), lan utama-utamane **pemrograman async** (Futures lan async/await kanggo operasi asinkron kayata network requests lan file access, plus Streams kanggo urutan acara async) — async kuwi utama banget ing aplikasi Flutter sing terus-terusan dhandel data asinkron.

Mangerteni **dual compilation** Dart iku bermanfaat: **JIT compilation in development ngaktifake hot reload** (iterasi cepet, fitur kunci Flutter) dene **AOT compilation kanggo release ngasilake native code sing cepet** (performa produksi sing apik) — menerangake cara Flutter entuk performa development lan production apps sing cepet.

Amarga Dart yaiku basa Flutter (esensial kanggo nulis kotlin Flutter code) lan mangerteni fitur-fiturne (sintaks, null safety, dukungan async, lan JIT/AOT compilation sing ngaktifake hot reload lan native performance) iku perlu kanggo development Flutter, mangerteni Dart lan fitur-fitur utamane iku ilmu dasar sing wajib diweruhi, fondasi basa sing ndasari kabeh development Flutter lan perlu kanggo sapa wae sing mbangun aplikasi Flutter.