Kepiye carane nglumpukake layanan/arsitektur kanggo aplikasi Laravel gedhe?

Question

Accepted Answer

Nalika aplikasi Laravel berkembang, pendekatan default "fat controller / fat model" dadi angel diurus. Aplikasi gedhe entuk manfaat saka **lapisan arsitektur tambahan** — service classes, action classes, repositories, form requests, lan organisasi domain sing jelas — kanggo nglumpukake business logic, testable, lan mudah diurus.

## Masalah: logika rampung ing papan sing salah

```text
Small apps: logic in controllers and models is fine.
Large apps: controllers get bloated, models become "god objects", logic is duplicated
→ hard to test, maintain, and reason about. Extract logic into dedicated layers.
```

## Service classes — encapsulate business logic

```php
<?php
// move complex business logic out of controllers into a service
class OrderService {
    public function __construct(
        private PaymentGateway $payments,
        private InventoryService $inventory,
    ) {}

public function placeOrder(User $user, array $items): Order {
        // orchestrate the business process — reusable, testable, focused
        DB::transaction(function () use ($user, $items) { /* ... */ });
    }
}

// the controller stays THIN — just delegates
public function store(StoreOrderRequest $request, OrderService $orders) {
    return $orders->placeOrder($request->user(), $request->validated());
}
```

**Service classes** nampung business logic, nggawake controllers langsing (mung nangani HTTP) lan models fokus ing data — lan ngawake logika bisa dienggo maneh lan independen testable.

## Pola-pola liya sing migunani kanggo aplikasi gedhe

```text
✓ Action classes — a single class per use-case (e.g. CreateUserAction) — very focused
✓ Form Requests — extract validation + authorization out of controllers
✓ API Resources — control response shape, separate from models
✓ Repository pattern — abstract data access behind interfaces (when you need it;
  often Eloquent suffices, so don't add it reflexively)
✓ Events/listeners — decouple side effects from core logic
✓ Domain-oriented organization — group code by feature/domain, not just by type
  (e.g. a modules/ structure) as the app grows
✓ Dependency injection + interfaces — for loose coupling and testability
```

## Prinsip-prinsip sing mbimbing

```text
✓ Thin controllers (HTTP only) → services/actions (business logic) → models (data)
✓ Single Responsibility — each class does one thing
✓ Depend on abstractions (interfaces) for testability and flexibility
✗ Don't over-engineer — add layers when complexity justifies them, not prematurely
```

## Kenapa iki penting

Paham carane nglumpukake aplikasi Laravel gedhe iku ilmu penting tingkat senior, amarga konvensi sing gawé kanggo aplikasi cilik (logika ing controllers lan models) rusak ing skala — nyebabake controllers obah-obahan, "god" models, logika duplikat, lan kode sing sulit ditestake lan diurus.

Ngerti lapisan arsitektur tambahan — utamane **service classes** (encapsulating business logic kanggo nggawake controllers langsing lan models fokus, dene ngawake logika bisa dienggo maneh lan testable), tambah action classes, Form Requests (njupuk validation/authorization), API Resources (ngontrol output), repository pattern (abstracking data access nalika perlu), events (decoupling side effects), lan **organisasi domain-oriented** (nglumpukake miturut fitur nalika aplikasi berkembang) — iku sing ngbokake sampeyan nggawa aplikasi maintainable, scalable.

Pronsip-prinsip mbimbing kuwi penting: **thin controllers → services → models** layering, single responsibility, lan depending on abstractions (interfaces) kanggo testability lan loose coupling.

Sama pentinge yaiku judgment kanggo **ora over-engineer** — nambah lapisan nalika complexity genuinely nustifikasi wong liya kepenakan premature (defaults Laravel alus kanggo aplikasi luwih prasaja, lan reflexively nambah repositories/abstractions nambah complexity sing ora perlu).

Paham pola-pola arsitektur lan prinsip-prinsip (lan restraint) kanggo apply wong liya berharga kanggo nggawa aplikasi Laravel gedhe, long-lived sing tetep maintainable, testable, lan comprehensible nalika berkembang — mbedakake developers sing bisa architect scalable applications saka wong sing aplikasi berkembang rubuh ing tangled, hard-to-maintain code.

Judgment arsitektur iki tanda tunggal senior Laravel development lan perhatian frequently-relevant kanggo aplikasi serius, berkembang.