Node에서 CommonJS와 ES Modules의 차이는 무엇인가요?

// math.js
function add(a, b) { return a + b; }
module.exports = { add };

// app.js
const { add } = require("./math"); // synchronous, runtime

// math.mjs (or .js with "type": "module")
export function add(a, b) { return a + b; }
export default something;

// app.mjs
import { add } from "./math.mjs"; // static, hoisted

                 CommonJS              ES Modules
Syntax           require/module.exports import/export
Loading          synchronous, runtime  static, hoisted
Top-level await  no                    yes
Tree-shaking     hard                  yes (statically analyzable)
File extension   .cjs / .js (default)  .mjs / .js with "type":"module"
__dirname/__filename available         not available (use import.meta.url)

// package.json
{ "type": "module" }  // now .js files are treated as ESM

// ESM can import CommonJS:
import pkg from "some-cjs-lib"; // works (default import)

// CommonJS CANNOT require() a pure-ESM package (it's async):
const esm = require("esm-only-pkg"); // ❌ ERR_REQUIRE_ESM
// must use dynamic import: const esm = await import("esm-only-pkg");