Casos extremos são entradas e condições incomuns ou limítrofes onde bugs frequentemente se escondem — entradas vazias, limites, nulos, valores grandes, erros. Testes eficazes vão além do "caminho feliz" para cobrir estes, já que casos extremos são uma fonte comum de defeitos reais.
Por que isso importa
The HAPPY PATH (normal, expected inputs) usually works. BUGS hide in EDGE CASES:
→ unusual inputs, boundaries, error conditions, unexpected states
→ testing only the happy path misses where defects actually occur
→ Thorough testing covers edge cases — that's where it adds the most value.
Categorias comuns de casos extremos
EMPTY / NULL → empty string/list/collection, null/undefined, missing values
BOUNDARIES → min/max values, 0, -1, off-by-one (first/last element, limits)
LARGE / extreme → very large inputs, long strings, huge numbers, overflow
INVALID → wrong types, malformed data, out-of-range, special characters
ERROR conditions → network failures, exceptions, timeouts, unavailable dependencies
STATE → empty/initial state, concurrent access, unexpected sequences of actions
SPECIAL values → negative numbers, zero, duplicates, unicode/emoji, very small/large
