การทดสอบซอฟต์แวร์คืออะไร และทำไมจึงสำคัญ?

Testing = systematically VERIFYING software behaves correctly:
  → does it do what it's supposed to? (meets requirements)
  → does it handle edge cases, errors, and invalid input?
  → does a change break existing functionality? (regressions)
→ from manual testing (a person checks) to AUTOMATED tests (code that checks code)

✓ CATCH BUGS — find defects BEFORE users do (cheaper/easier to fix early than in production)
✓ CONFIDENCE — change/refactor code knowing tests will catch regressions
✓ QUALITY — reliable software; fewer production failures, crashes, data issues
✓ DOCUMENTATION — tests show how code is meant to be used/behave
✓ FASTER long-term — automated tests catch issues quickly vs slow manual re-checking
→ The cost of a bug grows the later it's found (dev < test < production).