ডেটা পার্টিশনিং এবং শার্ডিং কী?

PARTITIONING / SHARDING → divide data into pieces (partitions/shards) across multiple
servers, each holding a SUBSET:
  → no single server holds (or is overwhelmed by) all the data
  → scales STORAGE and LOAD horizontally (each shard handles its portion)
  → enables handling data/throughput beyond one machine's capacity

HASH-based → hash the partition key → assign to a shard:
  ✓ EVEN distribution (avoids hotspots)  ✗ range queries hard; resharding is tricky
RANGE-based → partition by value ranges (e.g. A-M, N-Z; date ranges):
  ✓ efficient range queries  ✗ risk of HOTSPOTS (uneven load if data/access is skewed)
DIRECTORY/lookup → a lookup table maps keys to shards (flexible, but the lookup is overhead)
GEOGRAPHIC → partition by region (data locality)