Yaya za ka gane cewa matukar hanya ita CPU, alaƙara, I/O, ko sadarwa?

Question

Accepted Answer

**Kalli amfani da aikin jiya, sannan tabbatar da ma'auni.** Hanya ta tsari — **USE method** (Utilization, Saturation, Errors) — tana binciken kowane ƙayyadaddun abu don kada ka zabe ɗaya mara kyau.

## Me yake mahimmaci

Ga kowane allunan (CPU, alaƙara, diski, sadarwa), tambayi abubuwa uku:

```text
UTILIZATION → how busy is it (% time in use)?
SATURATION  → how much queued/waiting work (load, run queue, swap)?
ERRORS      → any errors (dropped packets, disk errors, OOM kills)?
→ a resource that is saturated, not just busy, is usually the bottleneck.
```

## Kayan aiki da alamomi ta ƙayyadaddun abu

Kowane allunan yana da sigar musamman wanda za ka iya karantawa tare da kayan aiki na saniya:

```text
CPU     → top/htop: high %us or load > #cores, run queue backed up
MEMORY  → free/vmstat: low free RAM + high SWAP in/out (si/so) → swapping = thrashing
DISK I/O→ iostat/vmstat: high %iowait, %util ~100%, high await → I/O-bound
NETWORK → iftop/sar/ss: bandwidth saturated, retransmits, high latency
```

Wajen bambanta na mahimmanci: **kayo girma tare da girman %us** yana nufin kusa CPU; **swapping (si/so)** yana nufin da'ashin alaƙara; **girman %iowait** yana nufin CPU shine hakuri *jira albarkatun diski*; girman **latency/retransmits** yana nuni wa sadarwa.

```text
$ vmstat 1
 r  b   swpd  free   si  so   bi   bo  us sy id wa
 8  0      0  120m   0   0   12   20  92  6  2  0   ← CPU-bound (id=0, wa=0)
 1  3 800m   30m  40 120  900    8   5  3  2 90   ← I/O + swap (wa=90, so>0)
```

## Tabbatar da ma'auni

Kada ka tsaya a lambar ɗaya kawai. **Profile** aiki (watau `perf`, profiler CPU/heap) don samun aiki mai zafi ko wantawa, sanya abu ɗaya, da **sake-ma'auni**. Alamomi na iya sa ruɗa — girman CPU na iya zama jiya-jiya mara kyau da zaɓa bashi, ba gaida aiki ba.