Ruby punika murni berorientasi obyek — sampeyan ngrancang kelas (cetak biru) lan nggawe obyek (instances). Kelas nganggo initialize minangka konstruktor, @variables kanggo kaanan instance, lan access modifiers kanggo encapsulation. Sintaks kelas Ruby punika resik lan ekspresif.
class Person
def initialize(name, age) # the CONSTRUCTOR (called on .new)
@name = name # @ → instance variable (per object)
@age = age
end
def greet # an instance method
"Hi, I'm #{@name}"
end
end
person = Person.new("Ann", 30) # create an instance (calls initialize)
person.greet # "Hi, I'm Ann"
Metode initialize punika konstruktor (diarani kanthi otomatis dening .new), lan instance variables @name nyimpen kaanan per-obyek. Metode didefinisikaken kaliyan def.
class Person
attr_accessor :name # generates getter AND setter for @name
attr_reader :age # getter only (read-only)
def initialize(name, age)
@name = name
@age = age
end
end
person.name # "Ann" — getter
person.name = "Bob" # setter
Instance variables (@name) punika pribadi kanthi standar — sampeyan ngekspos menika kaliyan metode accessor. attr_accessor/attr_reader/attr_writer nggawe metode getter/setter punika kanthi otomatis (kalamahan Ruby).
class Account
def deposit(amount) # public by default
update_balance(amount)
end
private # methods below are PRIVATE
def update_balance(amount)
@balance += amount
end
def self.create # CLASS method (self.) — called on the class, not an instance
new(...)
end
end
Account.create # class method
Metode punika umum kanthi standar; private/protected mbatesi akses. def self.method ngrancang metode kelas (diarani ing kelas piyé).
Kelas lan obyek punika dhasar ing Ruby, ingkang punika basa murni berorientasi obyek, dadi pangertosan punika saged penting kangga saben pamjayan Ruby — pratiwi gunung kode Ruby (lan framework kaya Rails) punika dipunsusun dadi kelas.
Mengertosi carane ngrancang kelas kaliyan konstruktor initialize, nganggo @instance variables kangga kaanan per-obyek (lan yen pribadi kanthi standar, mangangging kudu metode accessor kangga ngekspos), ngrancang instance lan metode kelas (def self.method), lan nglarapkaken kontrol akses (private/protected) punika kalamahan dhinten-dhinten.
Kalamahan Ruby ingkang penting punika attr_accessor/attr_reader/attr_writer, ingkang nggawe metode getter/setter kangga instance variables kanthi otomatis — ngapusi boilerplate lan ngrembaka pangertosan Ruby (tinimbang nulis getter/setter eksplisit kaya ning kathah basa, sampeyan ndeklarasikaken menika ing siji baris).
Pangertosan sintaks kelas resik Ruby, konstruktor lan instance-variable model, metode accessor, lan metode kelas punika inti, bahan kudu-kudu mangertosa kangga Ruby berorientasi obyek.
Karameyan kelas punika carane sampeyan nggawe model data lan akal budi salebeting aplikasi Ruby, lan karameyan fitur kelas Ruby (konvensi initialize, @ instance variables, accessor attr_*, kontrol publik/pribadi) punika carane Ruby berorientasi obyek dipunserat, nyaosi menika saged kawajaran, bahan dhasar pangertosan ingkang ndasar kabeh pamjayan Ruby lan titik wiwitan silih kanggang pangertosan sifat basa berorientasi obyek Ruby.