वस्तु-स्तरीय डिजाइन ढाँचाहरू बाहिर, architectural patterns ले अनुप्रयोगहरूको उच्च-स्तरीय संरचना परिभाषित गर्दछन् — जस्तै layered, hexagonal (ports and adapters), clean architecture, र event-driven। तिनीहरूले पूरा प्रणालीहरूलाई maintainability, testability, र flexibility को लागि व्यवस्थित गर्दछन्।
Layered (n-tier) architecture
LAYERED → organize the app into horizontal LAYERS, each with a responsibility:
PRESENTATION (UI) → APPLICATION/business logic → DATA ACCESS → DATABASE
→ each layer depends only on the layer below; clear separation
✓ simple, common, organized ✗ can become rigid; layers can leak; less flexible
