Idempotency คืออะไรและทำไมจึงสำคัญในระบบกระจาย?

An operation is IDEMPOTENT if doing it MULTIPLE times has the SAME effect as doing it ONCE:
  → "set balance to 100" → idempotent (same result however many times)
  → "add 100 to balance" → NOT idempotent (each call changes it → wrong if duplicated!)
→ in HTTP: GET, PUT, DELETE are idempotent; POST typically is NOT

Retries and duplicates are INEVITABLE in distributed systems:
  → a request times out → the client RETRIES → but the original may have succeeded →
    the operation runs TWICE (e.g. a payment charged twice! an order placed twice!)
  → message queues often guarantee AT-LEAST-ONCE delivery → duplicates happen
  → network issues, failures → operations get retried
→ if operations are IDEMPOTENT, duplicates/retries are SAFE (no harm from repeating)
→ this is essential for correctness and safe retries.