Inheritance yana ba da damar ga ajiya da ta karanta daga tushen ajiya, sake amfani da kuma tsattsauran membobin sa. Polymorphism yana ba da damar ka kulacinewa abubuwan da aka karanta ta hanyar tushen nau'i, tare da karbatuwar hanyar da aka dora aka kira a lokacin gudu (ta hanyar virtual/override). Waɗannan nau'ikan tunani ne na sararin OOP a cikin C#.
public class Animal
{
public string Name { get; set; }
public virtual string MakeSound() => "some sound"; // virtual — can be overridden
}
public class Dog : Animal // Dog inherits from Animal (single inheritance)
{
public override string MakeSound() => "Woof"; // OVERRIDE the base method
public void Fetch() => Console.WriteLine("fetching");
}
var dog = new Dog { Name = "Rex" };
dog.Name; // inherited from Animal
dog.MakeSound(); // "Woof"
Ajiya da aka karanta (Dog : Animal) ta karba membobin tushen da za ta iya kara nasu. C# tana goyin single inheritance (tushen ajiya daya kawai). base.Method() tana kirawa maimakon tushen.
// treat different derived types through the base type; the ACTUAL type's method runs
List<Animal> animals = new() { new Dog(), new Cat() };
foreach (Animal a in animals)
Console.WriteLine(a.MakeSound()); // "Woof", "Meow" — runtime dispatch
Polymorphism: virtual hanyar da aka dora a cikin ajiyyoyin da aka karanta ana aiki ta shi a lokacin gudu dangane da nau'in abin halin, sabili da haka kirare guda (a.MakeSound()) yana yin bambai-bambai dangane da nau'i. Wannan yana ba da damar alamsu masu taba ba'a, mai tsayawa (jiyya nau'iyoyi da yawa sanye daidai).
public abstract class Shape
{
public abstract double Area(); // abstract — derived MUST implement, no body
public string Describe() => $"Area: {Area()}"; // concrete shared method
}
public class Circle : Shape
{
public double Radius { get; set; }
public override double Area() => Math.PI * Radius * Radius;
}
// var s = new Shape(); // ❌ can't instantiate an abstract class
public sealed class Final { } // sealed — cannot be inherited from
Abstract classes suna bayyana sakandaren asali (tare da hanyoyin abstract da daidaituwa dole su aiwata tare da lamunan tunani); sealed yana hana da ba zaɗa ta bi da ba.
Inherance da polymorphism nau'ikan tunani ne na sararin OOP a cikin C#, muhimmi ga ƙera da aka saba, kuma ga aiki da .NET framework (wanda ke amfani da su sosai), don haka fahimtar su ya zama wajibi. Inheritance yana ba da damar sake amfani da lamunan tunani ta hanyar "is-a" dangantaka (Dog shine Animal), ko da yake C# ta ba da damar single inheritance kawai. Polymorphism — ta hanyar virtual/override da lokacin gudu na aiki ƙira — yana da mahimmanci sosai: yana ba da damar ka kulacinewa nau'iyoyi daban-daban da aka karanta sanye daidai ta hanyar tushen nau'i yayin da nau'i-nau'in halaye da dace ta gudu kai tsaye, yana ba da damar ƙera masu taba ba'a, mai tsayawa (aiki tare da tarin sifofi daban-daban, kowa yana lissafin kasuwancinsa).
Fahimtar virtual/override tsari (tushen ya nuni hanyar da za ta iya karbatuwa, nau'iyoyin da aka karanta suna dora ta, da runtime yana aiki zuwa nau'in halin da ya karbatuwa), abstract classes (sakandaren asali tare da hanyoyin da daidaituwa dole su aiwata tare da lamunan tunani), da sealed (hana inheritance) ya zama wajibi ga ƙera-ƙera ajiya da fahimtar yadda .NET framework da jeri suke tsara.
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