Dunder methods ("double underscore," kuma ana kira su magic/special methods) su ne methods masu suna ta musamman kamar __init__, , waɗanda suke bayar wa abubuwan ku damar lalata tare da . Python ya kira su ta atomatik a halin da ake amfani da syntax — misali yana kira .
__str____len__len(obj)obj.__len__()class Vector:
def __init__(self, x, y): # constructor — Vector(1, 2)
self.x, self.y = x, y
def __repr__(self): # repr(v) and the REPL — for developers
return f"Vector({self.x}, {self.y})"
def __str__(self): # str(v) / print(v) — for users
return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"
def __add__(self, other): # enables the + operator: v1 + v2
return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)
def __eq__(self, other): # enables ==
return self.x == other.x and self.y == other.y
v1, v2 = Vector(1, 2), Vector(3, 4)
v1 + v2 # Vector(4, 6) — calls __add__
print(v1) # (1, 2) — calls __str__
v1 == Vector(1, 2) # True — calls __eq__
Saita wadannan ya ba da damar abubuwan ku na musamman na aiki tare da native syntax (+, ==, print) kamar yadda abubuwan da aka gina suke aiki.
__init__ → constructor (object creation)
__repr__ → unambiguous developer representation (debugging, REPL)
__str__ → readable user-facing string (print, str())
__len__ → len(obj)
__getitem__→ obj[key] (indexing/subscripting)
__iter__ / __next__ → make an object iterable (for loops)
__eq__, __lt__, __gt__ → comparison operators (==, <, >)
__add__, __sub__, __mul__ → arithmetic operators
__call__ → make an instance callable like a function: obj()
__contains__ → the `in` operator
__enter__ / __exit__ → context managers (with statement)
class Deck:
def __init__(self): self.cards = [...]
def __len__(self): return len(self.cards) # len(deck)
def __getitem__(self, i): return self.cards[i] # deck[0], and iteration/slicing!
deck = Deck()
len(deck) # works
for card in deck: # __getitem__ makes it iterable too
...
Saita __len__ da __getitem__ yana ba da damar abu ya kama kamar jerin abubuwa — yana tallafawa len(), indexing, ziyarci, da slicing.
Dunder methods su ne yadda Python ke aiwatar da ita ta dace, wajen "kome shine abu" — suke ba wa ayyukan ku na musamman damar lalata kyau tare da abubuwan Python na aikin sa da aikin buƙatu (+, ==, len(), for, [], with, print).
Wadannan su ne tushen aikin Python mai kyau, polymorphic ("duck typing" + the data model). \