Mene ne structs a Go?

Question

Accepted Answer

A **struct** wani nau'i haɗaka ne wanda ya haɗa fannonin da suke tattare - hanyar Go don bayyana nau'o'i data na musamman da yin zane-zane ga jami'a. Tun da Go ba shi da azuzuwan (classes), structs (da hanyoyi) sune hanyar yin shirye-shirye mai saukin zuwa aji-zuwa.

## Bayyana da amfani da struct

```go
type Person struct {
    Name string     // exported (capitalized) → accessible from other packages
    Age  int
    email string    // unexported (lowercase) → package-private
}

// creating instances
p1 := Person{Name: "Ann", Age: 30}        // named fields (preferred — clear, order-independent)
p2 := Person{"Bob", 25, "bob@x.com"}       // positional (fragile — order matters)
var p3 Person                              // zero value: {"", 0, ""}

p1.Name          // access fields with dot notation
p1.Age = 31      // mutate
```

## Ganin fannonin ta hanyar babbar haruffa

```text
Capitalized field/type/func name → EXPORTED (public, usable outside the package)
lowercase name → unexported (private to the package)
```

Go yana amfani da babbar haruffa, ba maganganun maɓalli ba, don ganin - al'ada da ta musamman.

## Hanyoyi akan structs (Go's OOP)

```go
// a method is a function with a RECEIVER (the struct it operates on)
func (p Person) Greet() string {           // value receiver
    return "Hi, I'm " + p.Name
}
func (p *Person) Birthday() {                // pointer receiver — can MODIFY the struct
    p.Age++
}

p1.Greet()       // "Hi, I'm Ann"
p1.Birthday()    // modifies p1 (Go auto-takes the address)
```

Hanyoyi suna manne da halaye ga structs ta hanyar *receiver*. Receivers masu nuni (`*Person`) suna ba wa hanyoyi damar ƙari da struct; value receivers suna samun kwafi.

## Structs nau'ikan kiyaye ne

```go
p1 := Person{Name: "Ann"}
p2 := p1            // COPIES the entire struct (independent)
p2.Name = "Bob"
fmt.Println(p1.Name)   // "Ann" — unchanged (it was a copy)

// pass a pointer to share/modify
func update(p *Person) { p.Name = "X" }
```

Sanya ko wuce struct yana **kwafi** shi (kiyaye ilimin) - don raba ko ƙari, yi amfani da nuni.

## Sibgyar struct (bayyanannin bayani)

```go
type User struct {
    Name  string `json:"name"`           // tags guide encoding/decoding
    Email string `json:"email,omitempty"`
}
```

Tags yana manne bayyanannin bayani (da JSON, DB, dakunan bincike ke amfani) karanta ta hanyar tunani.

## Me ya sa ya mahimma

Structs shine babbar hanyar yin zane-zane ga bayani da gina nau'o'i na musamman a Go — da haɗewa da hanyoyi, sune hanyar Go ta yin shirye-shirye mai saukin zuwa aji-zuwa (ba shi da azuzuwan).

Ganin bayyana struct, al'ada na ganin da ke tushe don **babbar haruffa** (ta musamman ga Go), **kiyaye ilimin** (sanya yana kwafi — don haka yi amfani da nuni don raba/ƙari, kuskuri mai gama gari), hanyoyi tare da value da receivers masu nuni, da tags na struct (don yin zane JSON/DB) shine abubuwan muhimmi ga kusan duk code na Go.

Structs suna bayyana a ko'ina — zane-zanen domain, daidaitawa, loads na API, tsarin bayani — inda ke zama mahimmi, ilimin kowane rana don yin aiki sosai a Go.