Waɗannan su ne DML (Data Manipulation Language) umarni waɗanda suka canza bayanai: INSERT yana ƙara layukan, yana gyara layukan da aka samu, yana cire layukan. Ba kamar ba (wanda zai karanta kawai), waɗannan suna canza database — saboda haka suna buƙatar kulawa, musamman clause.
UPDATEDELETESELECTWHERE-- insert one row
INSERT INTO users (name, email, age)
VALUES ('Ann', '[email protected]', 30);
-- insert multiple rows at once (efficient)
INSERT INTO users (name, email)
VALUES ('Bob', '[email protected]'), ('Carol', '[email protected]');
-- insert from a query
INSERT INTO archived_users SELECT * FROM users WHERE inactive = true;
Ka ƙayyade ninka da ƙimomi. Ƙara layuka masu yawa a cikin magana daya ya fi kyau fiye da ƙara daban-daban da yawa.
UPDATE users
SET age = 31, updated_at = NOW() -- set one or more columns
WHERE id = 5; -- ❗ WHICH rows to update
-- ❌ DANGER — no WHERE clause updates EVERY row in the table!
UPDATE users SET active = false; -- sets ALL users inactive 😱
Mahimmanci: UPDATE (ko DELETE) ba tare da WHERE clause ba yana aiki kan kowane layuka a tebur. Mantuwa WHERE shine kuskure mai mazo, sannu-sannu - a adu-aduwa riƙa dubeta.
DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 5; -- delete a specific row
DELETE FROM users WHERE inactive = true; -- delete matching rows
-- ❌ DANGER — no WHERE deletes the ENTIRE table's contents!
DELETE FROM users;
✓ ALWAYS include a WHERE clause (unless you truly mean to affect all rows)
✓ Test the WHERE first with SELECT (SELECT * WHERE ... → see what you'd affect)
✓ Use TRANSACTIONS (BEGIN ... COMMIT/ROLLBACK) so you can undo mistakes
✓ DELETE vs TRUNCATE: TRUNCATE quickly empties a whole table (faster, but not row-by-row,
can't be rolled back in some DBs, resets auto-increment)
INSERT, UPDATE, da DELETE su ne yadda aikikalan suka sauya bayanai — mahimmantar kowa wa shekaru duk wani aikika waɗanda ke ajiya da sauya bayanai (ƙirƙira rikodin, gyara, cire), saboda haka fahimtar su yana dace da ilimi na yau da kullun tare da SELECT.
Sanin yadda za a saka (gida, masu yawa, ko daga buƙatun), gyara (ƙayyade ninka), da cire layukan yana buƙata don duk ayyukan canzawa bayanai.
Mahimmancin bincike shine haɗari na WHERE clause mara: UPDATE ko DELETE ba tare da WHERE ba yana aiki kan kowane layuka a tebur — haɗari mai girma, kuskurantaccen kuskure waɗanda zasu iya goge ko lalata duk bayanai.
Fahimtar wannan haɗari da jiyyan amintattun aiki (a adu-aduwa ƙa haɗa WHERE, gwada yanayin tare da SELECT da farko, aiki dandalin aiki saboda kuskurewa za a iya ja baya) yana da mahimmanci ilimi wanda ya warware balakin cire bayanai mai tsanani.
Sanin bayani masu alaƙa (gyara layuka masu yawa daidai, DELETE da TRUNCATE don bugun tebur) yana ƙare da ilimin aiki na amfani.
Tun da sauya bayanai ya zama mahimmantar aikikalan, da tun da kuskurar mara-WHERE ya zama duhu da ruɗu (sannu-sannun abin da ya shafa bayanai na yau da kullun), ƙara iko da waɗannan umarni DML — da musamman mahimmancin hattsi a kan WHERE clause da amintattun dandalin aiki — aiki ne na asali, ilimin da dole a sani ga kowa da ya rubuta bayanai-canzawa SQL, a can bukatuwa (rashin dogaro bayanai) sun kawo da aiki-amintattun jiyya bacewa mahimmantar syntax.