SQL nini ne kuma ana yi amfani da shi?

Question

Accepted Answer

**SQL** (Structured Query Language) shine harshen gida-jiya na yin aiki da **databases masu alaƙa** — adana, bugun tambaji, da sarrafa bayanai da aka tsara cikin **tables** (jeri da halittu). Yana da karfi na *bayyantar*: ka bayyana *wajen* bayanai da kake so, kuma injin database zai gane *ta yaya* za ta fito shi da kyau.

## Bugun tambaji mai sauƙi

```sql
SELECT name, email          -- WHAT columns you want
FROM users                  -- from which table
WHERE active = true         -- filter rows
ORDER BY name;              -- sort the result
```

Ka bayyana sakamako da kake so; mai tsara bugun database ya yanke shawo kan tsarin aiki (wane indexes da za a yi amfani da su, ta yaya za a haɗa, da sauƙi).

## Nau'ikan umarni na SQL

```text
DQL  (Data Query)       → SELECT — read data (the most-used)
DML  (Data Manipulation)→ INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE — change rows
DDL  (Data Definition)  → CREATE, ALTER, DROP — define/change schema (tables, indexes)
DCL  (Data Control)     → GRANT, REVOKE — permissions
TCL  (Transaction)      → COMMIT, ROLLBACK — transaction control
```

## Ƙirƙirar alaƙa

```text
Data lives in TABLES (relations): rows (records) × columns (fields).
Tables relate via KEYS (primary key identifies a row; foreign key references another table).
→ SQL queries combine and filter this structured, related data.
```

## Gida-jiya, tare da harshenni

```text
SQL is an ANSI/ISO standard, but each database has its own DIALECT:
  PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, SQLite — mostly compatible, with extras.
→ Core SQL transfers across databases; specific features/functions vary.
```

## Me yake yana da muhimmanci

SQL ɗaya ne daga cikin mahimman kuma shakatawwun ilimin software — databases masu alaƙa suna ba da wuya ga gida-jiya mafi yawa, kuma SQL shine harshen duniya don yin aiki da su, saboda haka fahimta shi yana wajibi ga kusan duk aiki na baya-gida ko bayanai.

Halayyar sa ta *bayyantar* (bayyana *abin* da kake so, ba ta yaya zaka fito shi ba) wani mahimman ra'ayi ne: ka rubuta bugun tambaji kuma injin database zai inganta aiki, wanda yake karfi amma kuma yana nuna dalilin da bayyana da fahimta indexing da ingantawa na bugun tambaji yana da muhimmanci (zaɓin injin yana shafar yawa).

Sanin nau'ikan umarni (DQL/DML/DDL/DCL/TCL — musamman SELECT don karantawa kuma INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE don canja bayanai), ƙirƙirar alaƙa (tables, jeri, halittu, maɓalli), kuma cewa SQL shine gida-jiya tare da harshenni ta database-specific sai ya ɗaga wajen duka abin da ya danganta da yin aiki da databases.

Tun da adana bayanai yana mahimmanci ga gida-jiya mafi yawa kuma SQL shine haɗin gida-jiya na yin aiki da bayanai masu alaƙa (ana amfani da shi ta masu haɗi-haɗa, ƙwararrun bayanai, da roli masu yawa), SQL shine ilimin tushe, ilimi da wajibi ka sani — yana wajib har yanzu ya shaƙa, kuma yana fama, wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin karfin da aka ba da daraβi gaɗa cikin haɗin-haɗa software.