Menene babbar matsalolin tsarin rarraba?

Question

Accepted Answer

**Tsarin rarraba** (kwamitocin da yawa suna aiki tare a kan sadarwa) suna kawo da babbar matsaloli wajen da basu wanzu a tsarin masinantu daya — rashin amincin sadarwa, katsalai da yawa, daidaito, haɗin gida, da sauransu. Fahimtar waɗannan abu ne mahimmanci don tsara tsarin a midarai.

## Menene yake sa tsarin rarraba ya yi wahala

```text
Multiple machines communicating over a NETWORK introduce fundamental challenges:
  → the NETWORK is unreliable (latency, packet loss, partitions) and not instant
  → PARTIAL FAILURES → some parts fail while others work (vs all-or-nothing on one machine)
  → no shared memory/clock → coordination is hard
→ "the network is reliable" etc. are FALLACIES — distributed systems break these assumptions.
```

## Babbar matsaloli

```text
NETWORK → unreliable, variable latency, partitions (can't assume messages arrive/are fast)
PARTIAL FAILURE → handle some components failing (detect, retry, recover); is it down or slow?
CONSISTENCY → keeping data consistent across nodes (CAP trade-offs; eventual consistency)
COORDINATION → consensus, distributed agreement, leader election (hard; e.g. Raft/Paxos)
ORDERING/time → no global clock; event ordering across nodes is hard
CONCURRENCY → many things happening at once; race conditions across nodes
IDEMPOTENCY → handle duplicate messages/retries safely
```

## Abubuwan da suka fito

```text
✓ DESIGN FOR FAILURE (failures are normal); embrace eventual consistency where acceptable
✓ Use proven patterns/tools (don't reinvent consensus — use Raft-based systems, etc.)
✓ Make operations IDEMPOTENT (retries are inevitable); handle duplicates/out-of-order
✓ Expect and handle network issues (timeouts, retries, circuit breakers)
✓ Understand the TRADE-OFFS (CAP, consistency vs availability)
→ distributed systems are powerful (scale, resilience) but fundamentally harder.
```

## Menene mahalinsa

Fahimtar babbar matsaloli na tsarin rarraba abu ne mahimmanci na ilimin matsayin babbar gidajiya saboda **tsarin modern masu girma su ne tsarin rarraba**, kuma waɗannan matsaloli su ne asali kuma sau da yawa ba a kuyi wa su aiki daidai, saboda fahimtar su ne mahimmanci don tsara tsarin a midarai.

Tsarin rarraba (masinantu da yawa suna aiki tare a kan sadarwa) suna kawo da **matsaloli asali wajen da basu wanzu a masinantu daya** — kuma fahimtar *menene ya sa suka yi wahala* abu ne mahimmanci: sadarwa bata aminci (jiya, garte, ba sannu-sannu ba), **katsalai da yawa** suna faruwa (wasu sassa suna kada aiki daidai sai sauransu suna aiki, kuma yana mahaɗa da matsala mai wahala na banbanta tsakanin gida da bragaji), kuma babu ajiya ko lokaci gama gida (wanda ke tsanantsa haɗin gida).

Sanannen "alajihu na tsarin rarraba" (la'akari da cewa sadarwa bata da matsala, jiya ce zero, da sauransu) suna kamata yadda waɗannan tsari suka karye bayani mara tunani.

Fahimtar **babbar matsaloli** — rashin amincin sadarwa, daidaito katsalai, **daidaito** (CAP jiye-jiye), **haɗin gida/yarjejeniya** (yarjejeniya ta rarraba, zaɓin jagora — matsaloli da gaske kamar Raft/Paxos), tsari da lokaci (babu agogo gama gida), aiki tare a kan sassa da yawa, da **ikunin aiki gida** (cutar saƙowa da sake bugi) — abin san mahimmanci ne domin kowa da ke tsara tsarin rarraba, saboda waɗannan matsaloli suna haifi gaske, ɗabi'u da su karye.

Fahimtar **abubuwan da suka fito don tsarawa** — tsarawa don katsalai, karɓar jiya don jiya inda ya dace, amfani da ka'ide da kayan aiki da aka tabbatar (rashin sake yin yarjejeniya), sa aikin aiki **ikunin aiki gida** (tunda sake bugi ba shakka), cutar saƙowa, da fahimtar jiye-jiye — yana nuna yadda za mu gina tsarin rarraba na gaske duk da waɗannan matsaloli.

Shatarun mahimmanci shine cewa tsarin rarraba su ne mai iko (suna ba da iya midarawa da tsaro) amma su ne wahala da gaske, kuma rashin kuya wa wannan yake haifar da tsari da bata aiki.

Saboda cewa tsarin modern masu girma su ne tsarin rarraba kuma matsaloli (rashin amincin sadarwa, katsalai da yawa, daidaito, haɗin gida, ikunin aiki gida) su ne asali kuma sau da yawa ba a kuyi wa su aiki daidai, kuma saboda fahimtar su da abubuwan da suka fito don tsarawa ne mahimmanci don sarrafa tsarin aiki a midarai, fahimtar matsaloli na tsarin rarraba abu ne mahimmanci na ilimin matsayin babbar gidajiya — mahimmanci don tsara tsarin rarraba wanda modern midarai ya buƙaci, yana nuna fahimtar matsaloli asali, sau da yawa ba a kuyi wa su aiki daidai (sadarwa, katsalai da yawa, daidaito, haɗin gida), kuma mahimmanci ne ga ilimin matsayin babbar gidajiya da ake buƙaci don gina tsarin rarraba masu karfi.