Menene mahimman tsare-tsare na architecture na microservices?

Question

Accepted Answer

Gina microservices sosai yana buƙatar magance kaɗai nan damuwai na tsarin waje ta hanyar tsare-tsare masu daɗi — don sadarwar aiki, sarrafa bayanai, karfi, da lura. Waɗannan tsare-tsare suna taimaka wajen sarrafa rikitarwa da keɓe ta microservices.

## Tsare-tsare na sadarwa da API

```text
✓ API GATEWAY → single entry point; centralizes cross-cutting concerns (routing, auth, etc.)
✓ SERVICE DISCOVERY → services find each other dynamically (registry) as instances change
✓ Sync (REST/gRPC) for request/response; ASYNC (events/queues) for decoupling → prefer
  async/events to reduce coupling where possible
✓ BFF (Backend for Frontend) → tailored gateways per client type
```

## Tsare-tsare na sarrafa bayanai

```text
✓ DATABASE PER SERVICE → each service owns its data (no shared database) → independence,
  but data is distributed (no cross-service joins/transactions)
✓ SAGA → manage transactions ACROSS services without distributed transactions:
  → a sequence of local transactions + compensating actions on failure (eventual consistency)
✓ EVENT SOURCING / CQRS → event-based state and separate read/write models
✓ Eventual consistency across services (embrace it; avoid distributed transactions)
```

## Tsare-tsare na karfi da lura

```text
✓ CIRCUIT BREAKER → stop calling a failing service (prevent cascading failures)
✓ RETRY (with backoff), TIMEOUT, BULKHEAD (isolation) → handle failures gracefully
✓ DISTRIBUTED TRACING → trace requests across services (essential for debugging)
✓ Centralized LOGGING/monitoring; health checks
✓ IDEMPOTENCY → safe retries; handle duplicate messages
```

## Me ya sa haka ya mahalaci

Sanerewa da mahimman tsare-tsare na microservices ilimi ne mai daraja na babbar mataki saboda **microservices suna bugi rikitarwa mai mahimmanci** da waɗannan tsare-tsare masu daɗi suna taimaka wajen sarrafa, don haka sanerewa da su yana da mahalaci ne don gina microservices da kyau.

Microservices suna ba da fa'idodi (ɓoye-ɓoye mai zaman kansa, aiki, da jama'a) amma suna kawo da rikitarwa na tsarin waje, kuma **tsare-tsare** masu daɗi sune hanyar sarrafa wannan rikitarwa — wanda ya saba zama ilimi mai mahimmanci ga kowa da ke gina microservices.

Sanerewa da **tsare-tsare na sadarwa** — **gateway API** (tsbantawa da alamu na gida), **binciken aiki** (aiki suna neman juna ta sikeli), da zaɓin sadarwa na sync vs async (son async/events don rage haɗa) — yana magance yadda aiki ke hulunta.

Sanerewa da **tsare-tsare na sarrafa bayanai** yana da mahalaci sosai saboda bayanai shine sauƙin ɓangaren microservices: **database don kowane aiki** (kowane aiki yana mallamta bayananin sa ne don zaman kansa, amma yana nufin babu haɗa tsakanin aiki ko abubuwan siyar), **tsarin saga** (sarrafa abubuwan siyar tsakanin aiki ta hanyar siyar na gida da abubuwan karɓarwa, tunda abubuwan siyar waje ana watsi da su — karɓar mahimmanci na ƙarshe), da tara abubuwan sakandaren / CQRS — waɗannan suna magance ainiyin kaɗai na sarrafa bayanai tsakanin aiki ba tare da bayanai na raba ko abubuwan siyar waje ba.

Sanerewa da **tsare-tsare na karfi da lura** — **ɗogawa na buɗe-rufe** (dakatar da gazawar waje), sake ƙoƙari tare da baja, lokaci, bulkheads (ɓangare), **raka'a waje** (mahimmanci ne don gina buɓugaje tsakanin aiki), shiga gajeriyar aiki/lura, da jalaɓi (don saukewa gajiyan) — yana magance jancewa da kaicin abubuwan tsarin waje na microservices.

Waɗannan tsare-tsare guda-guda suna sa microservices jama'a a maimakon cin azaba.

Tun microservices suna bugi rikitarwa mai mahimmanci na tsarin waje da tsare-tsare masu daɗi (gateway API, binciken aiki, database don kowane aiki, saga, ɗogawa na buɗe-rufe, raka'a waje) suna taimaka wajen sarrafa, kuma tun sanerewa da waɗannan tsare-tsare yana da mahalaci ne don gina microservices da kyau, sanerewa da mahimman tsare-tsare na microservices ilimi ne mai daraja na babbar mataki — mahimmanci ne don sarrafa rikitarwa da keɓe ta microservices ta hanyar tsare-tsare masu tabbas don sadarwa, bayanai, karfi, da lura, wanda ya nuni wa matsakaicin ilimin gida na gina microservices da kyau, kuma yake rikitarwa mai mahimmanci don babbar injiniyoyin da ke zana tsarin tsarin aiki.