Menene nau'in tsari a cikin TypeScript?

Question

Accepted Answer

TypeScript yana amfani da **nau'in tsari** ("duck typing"): nau'i biyu suna dace idan suna da **sifo daya", sakamakon sunaya ko inda aka bayyana su. Wannan ya bambanta tare da *nominal* typing (Java, C#) inda dacewar ta dogara a kan sunaye nau'i da aka bayyana.

```ts
interface Point { x: number; y: number; }

function print(p: Point) { console.log(p.x, p.y); }

// No `: Point` annotation anywhere, but the shape matches:
const obj = { x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 };
print(obj); // ✅ works — obj has x and y (extra z is fine)
```

`obj` ba a tarayar shi azaman `Point`, amma aka karba shi saboda yana *tsara* gamsa sifo. An halata ƙarin kadarorin lokacin yin wata m변수a dace.

## Keɓancewa bashi kadarorin daya

```ts
print({ x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 }); // ❌ Error: 'z' does not exist in type 'Point'
```

Abin ƙulle **alifa** da aka ƃuba kai a gida suna samun tsarKara "excess property check" gine karɓar karya, amma ka sanya shi a m변수a na farko kuma ya wuce. Wannan shine aidawa tsakanin sassauci da kama karya.

## Yaduwa da yasa ya zama mahimmi

Nau'in tsari ya sa TypeScript mabamaba da amfani da muhimmi — za ka iya gajiya jiki a cikin sararin ba tare da ainihi gabatar ba, wanda ya cancanta sautin makarantawa ta JavaScript.

Cimma: nau'i waɗanda suka cancanta sifo suna de dace ko da zai ƙi maliami suke da ƙofa (dalilin da mutanen suke amfani da *branded types* lokacin da suka buƙaci ƙuddin nominal).