冪等性とは、操作が一度実行されても複数回実行されても同じ結果を生み出すことを意味します。リトライや重複メッセージは避けられないため、分散システムでは極めて重要であり、冪等な操作はこれらを安全にします。
冪等性とは
An operation is IDEMPOTENT if doing it MULTIPLE times has the SAME effect as doing it ONCE:
→ "set balance to 100" → idempotent (same result however many times)
→ "add 100 to balance" → NOT idempotent (each call changes it → wrong if duplicated!)
→ in HTTP: GET, PUT, DELETE are idempotent; POST typically is NOT
分散システムで重要な理由
Retries and duplicates are INEVITABLE in distributed systems:
→ a request times out → the client RETRIES → but the original may have succeeded →
the operation runs TWICE (e.g. a payment charged twice! an order placed twice!)
→ message queues often guarantee AT-LEAST-ONCE delivery → duplicates happen
→ network issues, failures → operations get retried
→ if operations are IDEMPOTENT, duplicates/retries are SAFE (no harm from repeating)
→ this is essential for correctness and safe retries.
