レート制限は、クライアントが一定の時間ウィンドウ内に行うリクエスト数を制限するもので、システムを悪用から保護し、オーバーロードを防ぎ、公正な利用を確保します。これは一般的なシステム設計コンポーネントで、複数のアルゴリズムと考慮事項があります。
なぜ重要なのか
✓ PROTECT against abuse → prevent attacks (brute force, scraping, DoS), excessive use
✓ PREVENT OVERLOAD → protect the system from being overwhelmed (stability)
✓ FAIR USAGE → ensure no single client monopolizes resources; tiered limits (free vs paid)
✓ COST control; protect downstream services
→ a common requirement for APIs and services.
レート制限アルゴリズム
FIXED WINDOW → count requests per fixed time window (e.g. 100/minute); simple
✗ allows bursts at window boundaries (up to 2x at the edges)
SLIDING WINDOW → rolling time window → smoother, no boundary bursts (more accurate)
TOKEN BUCKET → tokens refill at a rate; each request takes a token → allows BURSTS up to
the bucket size while limiting the average rate (popular, flexible)
LEAKY BUCKET → requests processed at a steady rate (smooths output)
