Keprye jenis-jenis error/exception ing PHP?

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Accepted Answer

PHP duwe rong sistem parallel kanggo masalah: **errors** tradisional (warnings, notices, fatal errors) lan **exceptions** (berbasis obyek, bisa dicegah karo try/catch). PHP modern nggabungake akeh saka iki ing hirarki `Throwable`, lan praktik apik milih exceptions.

## Tingkat error tradisional

```text
E_NOTICE   → minor issues (e.g. using an undefined variable) — script continues
E_WARNING  → non-fatal problems (e.g. include of a missing file) — continues
E_ERROR / Fatal → serious errors (e.g. calling an undefined function) — script HALTS
E_DEPRECATED → use of deprecated features
```

Iki error klasik PHP, berbasis tingkat. Notices lan warnings ngidini script nerusake (nanging menehi signal masalah); fatal errors nge-stop.

## Hirarki Throwable (modern, berbasis obyek)

```text
Throwable (interface)
  ├── Error      → internal PHP/engine errors (TypeError, DivisionByZeroError, ...)
  │                 — typically PROGRAMMING bugs
  └── Exception  → application-level exceptions (the ones you throw and catch)
        ├── RuntimeException, LogicException
        ├── InvalidArgumentException, etc.
        └── your custom exceptions
```

PHP modern nggambarake masalah serius minangka **obyek** ngleksanani `Throwable`, misah dadi `Error` (tingkat engine, biasane bug kaya `TypeError`) lan `Exception` (error aplikasi sing kowe idinan lan dikurumuhi).

## Mandheg karo try/catch

```php
try {
    $result = riskyOperation();
} catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {     // catch a SPECIFIC type
    echo "Bad argument: " . $e->getMessage();
} catch (Throwable $e) {                     // catch anything (Error OR Exception)
    log($e);
} finally {
    cleanup();                                // always runs
}
```

Jimbar PHP 7, malah `Error`s (kaya `TypeError`) bisa dicegah minangka `Throwable` — mula kowe bisa mandheg loro errors lan exceptions.

## Ngebolang exceptions

```php
function divide(int $a, int $b): float {
    if ($b === 0) {
        throw new InvalidArgumentException("Cannot divide by zero");   // raise
    }
    return $a / $b;
}
```

## Ngatur penanganan error

```php
error_reporting(E_ALL);         // report ALL errors (development)
ini_set('display_errors', '0'); // production: DON'T show errors to users (log them instead)
set_error_handler(...);          // convert errors to exceptions, custom handling
```

## Kenapa kuwi penting

Paham sistem error lan exception PHP penting kanggo nulis aplikasi sing kuwat lan debugging kanthi epektif.

Ngerteni **error levels tradisional** (notice/warning/fatal) nyawisake kowe ndelik pesen PHP lan ngenali kahanan masalah, menawa paham hirarki modern **`Throwable`** (pemisahan antara `Error`s tingkat engine — biasane bug programming — lan application `Exception`s sing kowe ebolang lan kurumuhi) adalah kunci penanganan error PHP modern.

Skill praktis — nggunakake `try/catch/finally` kanggo mandheg exceptions, mandheg jenis khusus, ngebolang exceptions bermakna, lan yen `Error`s bisa dicegah minangka `Throwable` (jimbar PHP 7) — pengetahuan saben dina kanggo nulis kode sing bisa dipercaya.

Penting, ngerti praktik produksi ngelakokake **logging errors tinimbang nampilake marang users** (amarga errors sing ditampilake bocor informasi peka — masalah keamanan) penting kanggo deployment aman.

PHP modern pilih pendekatan berbasis exception, berorientasi obyek, mula paham jenis-jenis error/exception, carane mandheg kanthi bener, lan konfigurasi error aman adalah pengetahuan dasar kanggo nulis aplikasi PHP sing kuwat, bisa didebug, lan aman.