SOLID koyaruka nasu?

Question

Accepted Answer

**SOLID** jeri ne na koyaruka biyar na zane-zanen abin da ake buƙata (object-oriented design principles) waɗanda suke ƙarfafawa **code mai ikon jurewa, maimaita, da fahimta**: Single Responsibility, Open/Closed, Liskov Substitution, Interface Segregation, da Dependency Inversion. Suna gabatar da kyakkyawan zane-zanen OO.

## Koyarukan biyar

```text
S — SINGLE RESPONSIBILITY → a class should have ONE reason to change (one responsibility/job)
  → don't make classes do too much (avoid God objects)
O — OPEN/CLOSED → open for EXTENSION, closed for MODIFICATION → add new behavior without
  changing existing code (e.g. via polymorphism/strategies)
L — LISKOV SUBSTITUTION → subtypes must be substitutable for their base types (a subclass
  shouldn't break behavior expected of the parent)
I — INTERFACE SEGREGATION → many specific interfaces > one fat interface → clients shouldn't
  depend on methods they don't use
D — DEPENDENCY INVERSION → depend on ABSTRACTIONS, not concrete implementations → high-level
  modules don't depend on low-level details (relates to DI)
```

## Me yasa SOLID ya cancanta

```text
✓ MAINTAINABILITY → easier to change/extend code without breaking things
✓ FLEXIBILITY → loosely-coupled, extensible designs (add features, swap parts)
✓ TESTABILITY → decoupled code (especially via Dependency Inversion) is easier to test
✓ UNDERSTANDABILITY → focused, well-organized classes; clearer responsibilities
→ SOLID principles guide writing better OO code (reduce coupling, increase cohesion)
```

## Amfani da SOLID (tare da hankali)

```text
✓ Use them as GUIDELINES → they generally lead to better designs
⚠️ Don't apply DOGMATICALLY → over-applying (especially adding abstraction everywhere) →
  over-engineering; balance with simplicity and pragmatism (YAGNI)
→ understand the PRINCIPLES and apply them with judgment
```

## Me yasa ya cancanta

Saninwar koyarukan SOLID yana da daraja domin su ne **jiyyoye ainihi na kyakkyawan zane-zanen object-oriented**, ana koyarsu a ko'ina sannan kuma ana amfani da su, don haka suna da muhimmanci a zane-zanen code mai ikon jurewa.

SOLID — koyaruka biyar waɗanda suke ƙarfafawa code mai ikon jurewa, maimaita, da fahimta — tana ba da jagora asali ga zane-zanen OO.

Saninwar **koyarukan biyar** — **Single Responsibility** (ajiya ɗaya tana da dalili gida domin canja, guje wa abubuwan God objects), **Open/Closed** (buɗe don ƙarfafawa, rufe don canja — ƙara amfani ba tare da canja code da jiya, misali ta Strategy pattern), **Liskov Substitution** (nau'ikan rami suna maye gurbin nau'ikan tushe ba tare da zama hauka abubuwan da ake tsamani), **Interface Segregation** (takamai takamai a gida jiya masu kowa, don clients ba sa dogara kan hanyoyin da ba su buƙata), da **Dependency Inversion** (dogara kan fasikoki ba tare da yadda aka aiwata — abubuwa abubuwa da suke alaƙa da toshe injection) — yana ba da tsarin aiki don kyakkyawan zane-zanen OO wanda ya rage dangantawa da haɗa wa juna.

Saninwar **me yasa SOLID ya cancanta** — inganta jurewa (sauƙi don canja da ƙarfafawa ba tare da zama gida abubuwan), maimaita (designs ba sa da dangantawa, za su iya ƙarfafawa), fahimta (code da ba shi da dangantawa, musamman ta Dependency Inversion, sauƙi a gwada), da fahimta (ajiya masu aiwatarwa, na kyau-kyau organized) — yana kaida fa'idodin waɗannan koyaruka.

A zahiri, saninwar **amfani da SOLID tare da hankali** — amfani da koyaruka a matsayin gabodiye waɗanda saka lamarin sun kawo wa designs masu kyau, amma **ba amfani da su bisa dogari** (amfani da su da yawa, musamman saka abstraction a ko'ina, haifar da over-engineering, don haka ma'auni tare da sauƙi da aiki-aiki) — yana nuna hankali-hankali wajen zane-zane, saboda SOLID ana iya amfani da shi da yawa kamar dabobbo.

SOLID ana koyarsa a ko'ina sannan ana yin magana da shi a matsayin gabara asali ga zane-zanen OO.

Domin koyarukan SOLID su ne ainihi, jiyyoye waɗanda ana koyarsu a ko'ina ga kyakkyawan zane-zanen object-oriented (ƙarfafawa jurewa, maimaita, ƙwaɓi ga gwada, da fahimta) da amfani da su tare da hankali yana inganta code, da domin saninwar koyaruka, fa'idodinsu, da buƙatar ma'auni-ma'auni wajen amfani yana muhimmanci don rubuta maintainable code, saninwar koyarukan SOLID yana da daraja, aiki-aiki na ilimin zane-zane — jiyyoye ainihi ga kyakkyawan zane-zanen OO waɗanda ana koyarsu a ko'ina da ana amfani da su, mahimmanci don rubuta code mai ikon jurewa, maimaita, da yana nuna ilimin zane-zane (tare da hankali don amfani da su a yaren aiki) waɗanda ake tsamani daga masu rubuta code masu object-oriented.